Imperial lands · The Rhineland, the Low Countries and the Swiss Lands · as at first light, 1 January 1200

Other imperial lands

On 1 January 1200 the German kingdom has two crowned kings and no settlement.

Philip of Swabia, elected by the Staufen princes at Mühlhausen in March 1198 and crowned at Mainz in September by Aymon of Tarentaise, holds the true regalia, the Staufen and royal lands from Alsace to the Wetterau and Franconia, and the support of most princes: the Speyer protest of 28 May 1199 claimed 4 archbishops, 23 bishops, 4 abbots and 18 lay princes. Otto of Brunswick, elected at Cologne in June 1198 and crowned at Aachen, the right place, by the archbishop of Cologne, the right man, but with new-made insignia, rests on Cologne, the Lower Rhine, Brabant, his Welf brothers and English money that has thinned since Richard I died in April 1199. In 1199 Otto lost ground: his relief of the Alsatians got no further than Boppard, Hermann of Thuringia went over to Philip, and Philip ended the year with a crown-wearing Christmas court at Magdeburg, where the Saxon nobles and Archbishop Hartwig of Bremen joined him.

The pope leans to Otto but has not said so, and Conrad of Mainz, back from the East, mediates.

Who rules

Name
Philip of Swabia (Staufen) and Otto of Brunswick (Welf, Otto IV)
Title
King of the Romans: two rival crowned kings
Since
Philip: declared himself willing at Ichtershausen on 6 March 1198, elected at Mühlhausen on 8 March 1198 (Laetare Sunday), crowned at Mainz on 8 September 1198. Otto: elected at Cologne on 9 June 1198, crowned at Aachen on 12 July 1198.
Born
Philip in 1177; Otto about 1175 (some older works say 1182)
Family
Philip: youngest son of Frederick I, brother of Henry VI (died 1197), uncle of the boy Frederick, king of Sicily and the pope's ward; married at Pentecost 1197 to Irene (Maria) Angelina, daughter of the deposed Emperor Isaac II; four daughters in all, of whom only the eldest, Beatrix, can be counted born by 1 January 1200 (usually dated 1198; not verified here). Otto: third son of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England, raised at his uncle Richard I's court and made count of Poitou; betrothed in 1198 at Aachen to Marie, daughter of Duke Henry I of Brabant; brothers Henry, count palatine of the Rhine, and William of Lüneburg.
Confidence
high

Wikipedia (de), NDB and ADB, the Residenzen-Kommission handbook on Philip, the Speyer declaration list; campaign notes Part 8 section 2 and Part 9.

Overlord

None in temporal matters. Innocent III claims the right to judge between elected kings and to crown the emperor; the Staufen princes deny it (Speyer, 28 May 1199).

What the realm holds

  • Philip: the genuine insignia (crown, orb, sword) and the Staufen house lands and the king's own lands, castles and towns (staufen realm on this map).
  • Otto: Aachen (taken after a siege in July 1198), Brunswick and the Welf lands he shares with his brothers, and the support of Cologne (welf realm).
  • Neither: the princes' lands, which follow their princes; the towns of the bishops follow their bishops.

How it was acquired

Henry VI died at Messina on 28 September 1197, leaving the boy Frederick (born 26 December 1194), who had been elected king in 1196. Philip first acted for his nephew (on 21 January 1198 he still issued a charter for Speyer in Frederick's name), then let himself be elected. Adolf of Cologne's party offered the crown to Bernhard of Saxony and then took up Richard I's nephew Otto, which drove Bernhard and most Saxon nobles to Philip.

The realm that morning

Philip holds the larger and richer part of the kingdom and most of the princes: the archbishops of Magdeburg, Trier, Salzburg and Bremen, almost all the bishops of the south, the east and Lorraine, the dukes of Saxony, Bavaria, Austria, Merania, Zähringen, Carinthia and Lorraine, the king of Bohemia, the margraves, and since 1199 the landgrave of Thuringia. Otto holds Cologne and its province's lay friends, Brabant, Aachen and the Welf lands; his last campaign (1199) stalled at Boppard, and his brother Henry holds the Rhine palatinate for him. Conrad of Mainz is neutral.

The Wetterau, the Main and the Rheingau lie quiet in Staufen and Mainz hands that winter. See the allegiance list for each prince, with dates and confidence.

Allegiance by prince

Who
Ludolf, archbishop of Magdeburg
Side
staufen
Since
March 1198
Evidence
Elected Philip at Mühlhausen (8 March 1198); signed the Speyer protest in person (28 May 1199); hosted Philip's Christmas court of 1199.
Confidence
high
Who
John I, archbishop of Trier
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
The Cologne party counted his (bought) vote for Otto in June 1198, but he signed at Speyer in person in May 1199; campaign notes: Staufen since 1198. See the mrw record.
Confidence
high
Who
Adalbert III, archbishop of Salzburg
Side
staufen
Since
March 1198
Evidence
Took part in Philip's election at Mühlhausen (de.wikipedia, Otto IV); campaign notes Staufen. He dies on 8 April 1200.
Confidence
high
Who
Hartwig II, archbishop of Bremen
Side
staufen
Since
by May 1199
Evidence
Named among the absent princes who assented to the Speyer protest; joined Philip at the Magdeburg Christmas court of 1199 (ADB on Otto IV).
Confidence
high
Who
Conrad of Querfurt, bishop of Würzburg (and claimant of Hildesheim), Philip's chancellor
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Signed at Speyer in person as bishop of Hildesheim and imperial chancellor. See the fra record.
Confidence
high
Who
Bishops at Speyer in person: Konrad III of Regensburg, Otto II of Freising, Udalschalk of Augsburg, Diethelm of Konstanz, Hartwig of Eichstätt, Lupold of Worms, Otto of Speyer, Eberhard elect of Brixen
Side
staufen
Since
by 28 May 1199
Evidence
Signatories of the Speyer protest (de.wikipedia, Speyerer Fürstenerklärung). Otto of Speyer dies on 3 March 1200.
Confidence
high
Who
Princes who assented by proxy at Speyer: Patriarch Pilgrim II of Aquileia; bishops Rudolf of Verden, Gardolf of Halberstadt, Eberhard of Merseburg, Berthold II of Naumburg, Hermann II of Münster, Gerhard of Osnabrück, Timo of Bamberg, Wolfger of Passau, Reinher of Chur, Conrad of Trent, Bertram of Metz, Matthew of Toul, Albert of Verdun, Albert of Cuyck of Liège
Side
staufen
Since
by 28 May 1199
Evidence
Listed among the absent princes for whom the protest was sealed (de.wikipedia). Proxy assent is weaker than presence; for Münster and Osnabrück this goes against the campaign notes (see notes_discrepancy). Albert of Liège dies on 1 or 2 February 1200.
Confidence
medium
Who
Abbots of Fulda (Heinrich III of Kronberg), Hersfeld (Siegfried), Tegernsee (Mangold of Berg) and Ellwangen (Kuno I)
Side
staufen
Since
by 28 May 1199
Evidence
Speyer signatories in person.
Confidence
high
Who
Ottokar I, king of Bohemia
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Given the royal title by Philip in 1198; Speyer signatory.
Confidence
high
Who
Bernhard of Anhalt, duke of Saxony
Side
staufen
Since
spring 1198
Evidence
Turned to Philip when Richard I pushed Otto's candidacy; Speyer signatory; carried the king's sword at the Magdeburg Christmas court of 1199.
Confidence
high
Who
Louis I, duke of Bavaria; Otto VIII, count palatine of Bavaria
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Speyer signatories in person; nephews of Conrad of Mainz.
Confidence
high
Who
Leopold VI, duke of Austria and Styria; Berthold IV, duke of Merania; Ulrich II, duke of Carinthia
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Speyer signatories; Leopold among Philip's early supporters (de.wikipedia, Otto IV).
Confidence
high
Who
Berthold V, duke of Zähringen
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Speyer signatory; see the swi record for what he got from Philip in 1198.
Confidence
high
Who
Simon II, duke of (Upper) Lorraine, and his brother Frederick of Bitsch
Side
staufen
Since
by May 1199
Evidence
Speyer signatories (France map records).
Confidence
high
Who
Margraves Dietrich of Meissen, Otto II of Brandenburg, Vladislaus Henry of Moravia, Gottfried II of Ronsberg, Berthold III of Vohburg
Side
staufen
Since
by May 1199
Evidence
Speyer signatories.
Confidence
high
Who
Rudolf I, count palatine of Tübingen (lord of Gießen through his wife)
Side
staufen
Since
by May 1199
Evidence
Speyer signatory in person. See swa (Tübingen) and Gießen (Tübingen).
Confidence
high
Who
Otto I, count palatine of Burgundy, Philip's brother
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Speyer signatory. He dies at Besançon on 13 January 1200 (France map record).
Confidence
high
Who
Hermann I, landgrave of Thuringia
Side
staufen
Since
1199
Evidence
The ADB on Otto IV says he took Otto's grant of Nordhausen in 1198 and went over to Philip in 1199; de.wikipedia (Philipp von Schwaben) also puts his move to Philip in 1199; Kuno of Münzenberg ravaged his Hessian lands early in 1199 to keep him from Otto's campaign. en.wikipedia says Philip bought him in 1198. He changes sides again before 1204. See the hes record.
Confidence
medium
Who
The Alsatian party that backed Otto in 1198, with Bishop Konrad of Hunenburg of Strasbourg
Side
staufen
Since
1199, by submission
Evidence
ADB on Otto IV: Otto's attempt to relieve the Alsatians in 1199 got no further than Boppard and Philip subdued them. Bears on GM ruling 10 (Strasbourg): submitted to Philip by the end of 1199, loyalty unproven.
Confidence
medium
Who
Kuno of Münzenberg (the king's chamberlain), Henry of Kalden (marshal), Heinrich of Waldburg (steward) and the Staufen ministeriales of Swabia, Alsace, Franconia and the Wetterau
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Kuno at Philip's Speyer court in May 1199 and fighting Philip's enemies on the middle Rhine in summer 1199; Kalden and Waldburg as Philip's household officers (Residenzen handbook).
Confidence
high
Who
Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne, and the city of Cologne
Side
welf
Since
June 1198
Evidence
Organised Otto's election at Cologne (9 June 1198) and crowned him at Aachen (12 July 1198); the Cologne patricians, with the toll collector Gerhard Unmaze, financed him. See the lrh record.
Confidence
high
Who
Bernhard II, bishop of Paderborn; Thietmar, bishop of Minden
Side
welf
Since
June 1198
Evidence
Voted for Otto at Cologne; campaign notes Welf. No later evidence checked here (wph records).
Confidence
medium
Who
Henry I, duke of Brabant (and of Lower Lorraine)
Side
welf
Since
1198
Evidence
His daughter Marie was betrothed to Otto at Aachen in 1198; he goes over to Philip only in 1204. See the lot record.
Confidence
medium
Who
Henry of Brunswick, count palatine of the Rhine, and William of Lüneburg, Otto's brothers
Side
welf
Since
1198
Evidence
Henry backs Otto until 1204 and defends Brunswick against Philip in August 1200. See the mrw record.
Confidence
high
Who
John, king of England, Otto's uncle
Side
welf
Since
April 1199 (succeeding Richard I, died 6 April 1199)
Evidence
Continues Richard's support more coolly; the treaty of Le Goulet (22 May 1200) will bind him to give Otto no help.
Confidence
medium
Who
Some Rhenish and Low Countries counts
Side
welf
Since
June 1198
Evidence
The NDB says 'some Rhenish counts' joined Otto's election; names and their stance on 1 January 1200 are left to the lrh, lot and nld records.
Confidence
low
Who
The north-western sees (Utrecht)
Side
not pinned
Evidence
campaign notes: Welf-leaning or wavering [thin]; not verified here (nld record).
Confidence
low
Who
Conrad of Wittelsbach, archbishop of Mainz
Side
neutral
Since
1199
Evidence
Papal mediator; Otto rejected his first mediation in mid-1199. See Mainz.
Confidence
high
Who
The counts of Katzenelnbogen (Diether and Berthold)
Side
staufen
Since
by February 1199
Evidence
Berthold sided with Philip and was at Worms with his uncle Bishop Hermann of Münster in February 1199 after Hermann joined Philip's court (en.wikipedia). See Katzenelnbogen.
Confidence
medium
Who
The counts of Sayn (Heinrich II and Eberhard II)
Side
welf
Since
1198
Evidence
Heinrich II, advocate of Cologne cathedral, went with Archbishop Adolf in the switch to the Welfs; the Sayn counts appear among Otto's supporters in 1201 (Residenzen handbook). See Sayn.
Confidence
medium
Who
The lords of Büdingen and the Wetterau royal ministeriales
Side
staufen
Since
1198
Evidence
Royal servants; Gerlach II of Büdingen (attested from 1207) backs Philip until 1209; Kuno of Münzenberg is listed above.
Confidence
medium
Who
The other counts and free lords of the Lahn, Taunus and Westerwald (Nassau, Diez, Wied, Isenburg, Solms, Merenberg, Runkel, Eppstein, Battenberg, Wittgenstein, Hanau, Breuberg, Erbach)
Side
not pinned
Evidence
No dated evidence for the winter of 1199-1200 was found; their leanings are given in each mre lord record.
Confidence
low

Imperial offices

  • Arch-chancellor of Germany: the archbishop of Mainz (Conrad); Philip's chancery names him until his death in 1200, then Lupold of Worms as Mainz elect. The archbishops of Cologne hold the arch-chancellorship for Italy.
  • Chancellor: for Philip, Conrad of Querfurt, bishop of Würzburg and claimant of Hildesheim (succeeded by Hartwig of Eichstätt in 1202); chief protonotary Conrad of Scharfenberg, who becomes bishop of Speyer in 1200. Otto's chancery head on 1 January 1200: not pinned.
  • Marshal: Henry of Kalden (of Pappenheim), Philip's close adviser; Siegfried of Hagenau serves as a regional marshal.
  • Steward (Truchsess): Heinrich of Waldburg, rising under Philip; Markward of Annweiler, Henry VI's steward, duke of Ravenna and margrave of Ancona, is in Sicily fighting the pope's regency.
  • Cupbearer (Schenk): not pinned in the sources reached (the Schenken of Schüpf held the office under the Staufen; not verified for 1200).
  • Chamberlain (Kämmerer): Kuno of Münzenberg, attested in the office since 1162 (Münzenberg).
  • Master of the kitchen: Heinrich of Rothenburg (regional).
  • The ceremonial offices of the great princes (later the electors' arch-offices) are not fixed in 1200; at Magdeburg at Christmas 1199 Duke Bernhard of Saxony carried the king's sword.

Kings lands

The king's own lands (Reichsgut) and the Staufen house lands are bound together in Philip's hands: Swabia and the Staufen castles, Alsace with Hagenau, the Palatinate with Kaiserslautern and Trifels (where the insignia were kept: mrw), the Wetterau and the lower Main with the palaces and towns of Frankfurt, Gelnhausen, Wetzlar and Friedberg and the forests of the Dreieich and Büdingen (mre), Franconia with Nuremberg and Rothenburg (fra), the Harz with Goslar and its silver, which Philip relieved from Otto's siege at the end of 1198 (nse), and Mühlhausen and Nordhausen in Thuringia (hes). They are run by royal ministeriales (the king's unfree knights) such as Kuno of Münzenberg, the castle-men of Friedberg and Gelnhausen and the Schultheissen of the towns. Otto holds Aachen and the royal places of the Lower Rhine that his side controls (lrh, lot, nld).

Peace of the land

The peace measures of Frederick I and Henry VI bind only where a king can enforce them; since 1198 each party treats the other's men as enemies, and feuds ride with the war. No general peace sworn by both parties is in force on 1 January 1200 (Conrad's truce comes in April 1200).

Pope

Innocent III (elected 8 January 1198, consecrated 22 February 1198) has both parties' letters. On 3 May 1199 he said he would soon decide; on 20 May 1199 he told Adolf of Cologne and Otto's backers that he would support Otto if Otto submitted to the Church; the Staufen princes answered from Speyer on 28 May 1199 that he had no part in a German election and should respect the Empire's rights in Italy. Philip carries an excommunication from Celestine III's time over the papal lands in Tuscany; the bishop of Sutri was sent to treat about lifting it (whether it was lifted by 1 January 1200 is not pinned).

Innocent leans to Otto and will weigh the three candidates (Frederick, Philip, Otto) at the turn of 1200-1201, deciding for Otto on 1 March 1201 (ADB).

Alliances

Philip of Swabia made a treaty of friendship with Philip II Augustus of France on 29 June 1198, two days after his first royal charter at Worms. Otto is the nephew and client of the Angevins: Richard I paid for his candidacy until his death on 6 April 1199; John continues the alliance more coolly and at Le Goulet (22 May 1200) will promise Philip Augustus to give Otto no help. Brabant is tied to Otto by the betrothal of 1198.

Denmark's alliance with Otto belongs to 1201-1202.

As seen from the France and Iberia sheet

Everything east of the Four Rivers in this area is imperial: Lorraine, Bar, Luxembourg, the three Lorraine bishoprics, Alsace, the county of Burgundy, Montbeliard, Basel and the Zahringen rectorate. Since 1198 there are two crowned kings. Philip of Swabia holds the true regalia, most of the south, and Alsace as Staufen heartland; he allied with Philip Augustus at Worms about 29 June 1198 and held a splendid Christmas court at Magdeburg in 1199.

Otto IV holds Cologne and the Lower Rhine with Angevin money. Pope Innocent III leans to Otto and has not yet said so; the Staufen princes told him at Speyer on 28 May 1199 to keep out. In this area most princes and bishops are Staufen, but the throne war has armed every local feud: Stephen of Auxonne and Richard of Montbeliard took Otto's side against Otto of Burgundy, the bishop of Strasbourg backed Otto IV until Philip burned his suburbs in July 1199, and the young Habsburg count is reported on Otto's side about 1200.

Name
Philip of Swabia; rival Otto IV of Brunswick
Title
King of the Romans, disputed: Philip of Swabia (Staufen) against Otto IV (Welf)
Since
Philip: declared himself at Ichtershausen 6 March 1198, elected at Muhlhausen 8 March 1198, crowned at Mainz 8 September 1198 by Archbishop Aymon of Tarentaise. Otto: elected at Cologne 9 June 1198, crowned at Aachen 12 July 1198 by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne.
Born
Philip about 1177; Otto about 1175
Family
Philip: youngest son of Frederick Barbarossa, duke of Swabia since 1196, married (1197) Irene-Maria, daughter of Isaac II Angelos. Otto: son of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England, nephew of King John.
Confidence
high

en.wikipedia Philip of Swabia; de.wikipedia Deutscher Thronstreit; NDB on Conrad of Strasbourg.

What the year holds

What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.

  1. 13 January 1200Otto I, count palatine of Burgundy, Philip's elder brother and loyal supporter, is assassinated at Besançon (en.wikipedia; France map record).Depends on: The killing happening as it did. Stopped by: Play that protects him or changes his circumstances.
  2. 1 or 2 February 1200Albert of Cuyck, bishop of Liège, dies; a Staufen-assenting see falls open on the Welf frontier.Depends on: Natural death. Stopped by: Play.
  3. 3 March 1200Otto of Henneberg, bishop of Speyer, dies; Philip's protonotary Conrad of Scharfenberg becomes bishop of Speyer in 1200.Depends on: Natural death and a Staufen chapter. Stopped by: Play.
  4. 8 April 1200Adalbert III of Salzburg dies (campaign notes); Eberhard of Regensberg, bishop of Brixen, is elected in his place on 20 April 1200 (NDB and ADB).Depends on: Natural death. Stopped by: Play.
  5. April 1200Conrad of Mainz arranges a truce between the parties.Depends on: Both kings accepting. Stopped by: A campaign by either side.
  6. 22 May 1200Treaty of Le Goulet: John promises Philip Augustus to give Otto no help.Depends on: John and Philip Augustus settling (France map). Stopped by: A breakdown of the Angevin-Capetian talks.
  7. 28 July 1200Planned court of eight princes from each side under Conrad's chairmanship (ADB on Otto IV); whether it met is not pinned.Depends on: The truce and Conrad's presence. Stopped by: Philip refusing arbitration, or Conrad absent in Hungary.
  8. August 1200 (attack fails on 21 August)Philip besieges Brunswick and fails; Henry the count palatine defends it, and the town is then walled all round.Depends on: Philip campaigning in Saxony after the truce lapses. Stopped by: A settlement, or Philip's princes refusing the campaign.
  9. 25 or 27 October 1200Conrad of Mainz dies; the Mainz double election follows (Lupold of Worms for Philip, Siegfried of Eppstein at Bingen for Otto).Depends on: Natural death; a divided chapter. Stopped by: Play changing Conrad's circumstances.
  10. about Christmas 1200Otto, with Siegfried, takes Bingen and Mainz, is crowned there by Siegfried, and pushes up the Rhine as far as Weissenburg before Philip forces him back to the Lower Rhine.Depends on: The Mainz schism and Otto's means to march. Stopped by: A Staufen hold on Mainz and Bingen, or a settlement.
  11. turn of 1200-1201, decision 1 March 1201Innocent III weighs Frederick, Philip and Otto and decides for Otto (outside 1200; his legate proclaims Otto at Cologne on 3 July 1201, by the ADB).Depends on: No settlement between the kings; Otto's promises to Rome. Stopped by: A settlement among the princes before then.

Places of note

  • Mühlhausen, Philip's election (8 March 1198): Election by the Staufen princes.
  • Mainz, Philip's coronation (8 September 1198): Crowned by Aymon of Tarentaise with the true insignia.
  • Cologne, Otto's election (9 June 1198): Elected by Adolf of Cologne's party.
  • Aachen, Otto's coronation (12 July 1198): Crowned by Adolf of Cologne with new-made insignia.
  • Speyer, the princes' protest (28 May 1199): Staufen princes' declaration to the pope.
  • Magdeburg, Philip's Christmas court of 1199: Crown-wearing with Queen Irene; Bernhard of Saxony bore the sword; Walther von der Vogelweide present.
  • Boppard, where Otto's relief of the Alsatians stopped (1199): Furthest point of Otto's 1199 push up the Rhine.

Where the sources disagree

  • campaign notes Part 6 D: 'MÜNSTER, OSNABRÜCK, UTRECHT. North-western sees, Welf-leaning or wavering [thin]'. de.wikipedia's list of the Speyer protest (28 May 1199) names Hermann II of Katzenelnbogen, bishop of Münster, and Gerhard, bishop of Osnabrück, among the absent princes who assented by proxy, that is on Philip's side in May 1199. Bishop Hermann had joined Philip's court by February 1199, when his nephew Berthold of Katzenelnbogen was with him at Worms (en.wikipedia, Berthold II von Katzenelnbogen). Worth a ruling (wph record).
  • campaign notes leave Bremen's allegiance open: Hartwig II assented to the Speyer protest by proxy and joined Philip at the Magdeburg Christmas court of 1199 (ADB on Otto IV): Staufen on 1 January 1200.
  • GM ruling 10 (Strasbourg): the ADB on Otto IV says Philip subdued Otto's Alsatian allies in 1199 after Otto's relief stopped at Boppard: Strasbourg had submitted to Philip by 1 January 1200, its loyalty unproven.
  • Hermann of Thuringia: sources disagree on 1198 (ADB: took Otto's grant of Nordhausen; en.wikipedia: bought by Philip); all agree he is with Philip in 1199. For hes.
  • The Speyer page's summary gave the bishop of Halberstadt as 'Berthold of Harbke'; the campaign notes' Gardolf (of Harbke) is the bishop of 1193-1201 and is used here.
  • Conrad of Scharfenberg on 1 January 1200: en and de Wikipedia make him provost of St German's in Speyer and, from 1198, dean of the Speyer cathedral chapter; they make him bishop of Speyer in 1200 (no day) and chancellor in 1208, and neither calls him protonotary. The 'chief protonotary' of imperial_offices is not verified.

Evidence: Elections, coronations and the Speyer list are thick; allegiance on 1 January 1200 is dated from the Speyer protest (May 1199) and the ADB and Wikipedia accounts of 1199, so each prince's stance that winter is an inference from the nearest dated act; the counts of the middle Rhine are not pinned.

On the map: No map part: the record stands for the whole sheet. Ground is coloured by the princes' and kings' realm records.

Primary sources for this realm

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

4 more in the sources library for The Rhineland, the Low Countries and the Swiss Lands.

Sources and studies

  1. Speyerer Fürstenerklärung, de.wikipedia
  2. Deutscher Thronstreit, de.wikipedia
  3. Philipp von Schwaben, de.wikipedia
  4. Otto IV. (HRR), de.wikipedia
  5. Otto IV., NDB and ADB, Deutsche Biographie
  6. Philipp von Schwaben: Hof und Residenzen (Residenzen-Kommission handbook)
  7. Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia, en.wikipedia
  8. Kuno I. von Münzenberg, de.wikipedia
  9. Konrad I. von Wittelsbach, Deutsche Biographie
  10. Eberhard II., Erzbischof von Salzburg, NDB and ADB, Deutsche Biographie

Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.