The river that brings down the teak and hill produce of the whole north-west, and the road to Bengal by the Kabaw valley leaves it at Kalewa.
Pakhangyi, an old walled place just below the mouth, controls the junction and the ferry; the Monywa reach and Mingin are stages; Kalewa, where the Myittha comes down out of the Chin hills, is the door; Homalin on the upper river is the teak country. English Wikipedia (Chin people), citing Luce, says Pagan-era records place the Chin between the east bank of the upper Chindwin and the west bank of the Irrawaddy, and that the Burmans called them friends and did not fight them: so the lower valley is a quiet riverside with Chin neighbours, not a raiding frontier. Whether Pagan collects anything above Kalewa is not shown.
Who holds it
- Title
- The king's river officers; village headmen on the banks
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
No source we read names a holder.
What it holds
- The river tolls at the mouth
- The teak rafts
How things stand that morning
Held down to Kalewa on the campaign board's reading; claimed above it.
Places of note
- Kalewa: Door to the Kabaw.
- Homalin: Teak country.
Where the sources disagree
- The campaign board entry mingin at 23.68, 94.51 is Mawlaik; Mingin proper is near 22.87, 94.50. The upper Chindwin claim is the campaign board's reading, not a document.
Evidence: The campaign board entry and one modern line; nothing dated.
"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.
On the map: The upper part is a claim only. The west edge is drawn out over the Yaw country (Pale, Pauk, Kani) where the Chin of the Pagan inscriptions are placed; that is the English Wikipedia reading of Luce, not a record of a Pagan official there.
Primary sources for Kingdom of Pagan
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma, The Royal Historical Commission of King Bagyidaw (Monywe Sayadaw and others), drawing on U Kala's Maha Yazawin (about 1724) and earlier chronicles (1829 to 1832). The standard Burmese court chronicle, compiled six centuries after 1200 from older chronicles now lost. Read online
- The later Tai, Lao and Mon chronicles of the north, Ratanapanna (Jinakalamali); Bodhiramsi (Chamadevivamsa); anonymous monks and court scribes (the Chamadevivamsa about 1410; the Jinakalamali 1516 to 1528; the Chiang Mai Chronicle in its surviving form 1827; the Nithan Khun Borom 16th to 17th century). There is no text of 1200 for the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya, the Tai muang of Ngoenyang (Chiang Saen), Chiang Rung, the Yom and Nan valleys, or the Lao middle Mekong.
- History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
- Epigraphia Birmanica, being lithic and other inscriptions of Burma, Various, edited by Taw Sein Ko, C. Duroiselle and C. O. Blagden (inscriptions of the 11th to 15th centuries; the series ran from 1919 to 1936). The Archaeological Survey of Burma's series of edited inscriptions with full translations. Read online
- Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava; Inscriptions of Burma, Various (the Pagan kings, queens, ministers and donors), edited by Tun Nyein, Taw Sein Ko, G. H. Luce and Pe Maung Tin (inscriptions of the 11th to 14th centuries; editions 1899 and 1933 to 1956). The dedicatory inscriptions of Pagan are the only contemporary texts for the kingdom of Narapatisithu (reigning 1174 to 1211). Read online
- A Description of the Foreign Peoples (Records of Foreign Nations), Zhao Rukuo (Zhao Rugua) (1225 at Quanzhou). The best single text for the island world around 1200, written by the superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou from merchants' reports a generation after the date. Read online
- Notes in Answer to Questions about the Lands beyond the Passes, Zhou Qufei (周去非) (1178, after service in Guangxi). A Guangxi official's notes, written twenty years before 1200, on the south-western frontier of the Song and the countries beyond. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.