Mahakala is one of the twelve jyotirlinga shrines and the main temple of Ujjain; the Paramara kings were its patrons.
The temple is destroyed by Iltutmish in 1234 (later); the building that stands today is much later. On 1 January 1200 the temple is whole and Ujjain is Paramara.
Who holds it
- Title
- Temple priests (the pujaris of Mahakala) under the Paramara king
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Confidence
- low
Wikipedia Mahakaleshwar page.
What it holds
- Temple revenues of the Ujjain villages (not itemised)
- Pilgrim gifts
Allies and rivals
Patron: the Paramara kings.
How things stand that morning
Whole and in the care of the Paramara court.
What the year holds
What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.
- 1234Iltutmish sacks Ujjain and destroys the temple.Depends on: Delhi's strength under Iltutmish. Stopped by: A Paramara recovery.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Wikipedia Mahakaleshwar page; nothing dated for the decade.
On the map: A point.
Primary sources for Paramaras of Malwa
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Nasirid Generations: a General History of the Muslim Dynasties, Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (1259 to 1260, at Delhi). The Ghurid court's own history, by a man born in 1193 whose family served the sultans of Ghur and Ghazna. Read online
- Epigraphia Indica: inscriptions of the Chandelas, Paramaras, Gahadavalas, Chaulukyas, Senas and Eastern Gangas, Various (edited for the Archaeological Survey of India by J. Burgess, E. Hultzsch, F. Kielhorn, Sten Konow, F. W. Thomas and successors) (inscriptions of the 1180s to 1210s; the series ran from 1892). The main record series for the Hindu kingdoms of northern India around 1200. Read online
- Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat, Various (the Chaulukya and Vaghela chanceries), edited by G. V. Acharya (inscriptions of the 10th to 14th centuries; edited 1933 to 1942). The standard corpus of Gujarat's inscriptions. Read online
- Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era, Various, edited by V. V. Mirashi (inscriptions of the 7th to 13th centuries; edited 1955). Collects every known record of the Kalachuris of Tripuri (Dahala) and of Ratnapura (south Kosala), with text, translation and a long historical introduction. Read online
- Inscriptions of the Paramaras, Chandellas, Kachchhapaghatas and two minor dynasties, Various, edited by H. V. Trivedi (inscriptions of the 9th to 14th centuries; edited 1978 to 1991). The collected records of the Paramaras of Malwa (parts 1 and 2) and of the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti (part 3), re-edited from Epigraphia Indica and earlier journals with new finds.
- Sanskrit and Old Canarese Inscriptions relating to the Yadava Kings of Devagiri, Various (Yadava chancery), edited by J. F. Fleet (inscriptions of the 12th and 13th centuries; edited 1876). The first collected edition of the Yadava (Seuna) records, with texts and translations, from the Indian Antiquary. Read online
- The Wishing-Stone of Narratives, Merutunga (a Jain monk of the Nagendra gaccha) (1305 (Vikrama 1361) at Vadhvan in Gujarat). A Jain collection of historical anecdotes about the kings of Gujarat and Malwa, a century after 1200. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.