Salamanca

Who holds it

Name

The king; royal tenant on 1 January 1200 not pinned (earlier Gómez González 1176-77, Velasco Sánchez to 1179, Fernando Ponce 1189-90). By 1206 the town is Queen Berenguela's, who gives it to her son; whether it was already hers in 1200 is not pinned.

Title

Lord or royal tenant

Confidence

medium

Lord in 1200

The king; royal tenant on 1 January 1200 not pinned (earlier Gómez González 1176-77, Velasco Sánchez to 1179, Fernando Ponce 1189-90). By 1206 the town is Queen Berenguela's, who gives it to her son; whether it was already hers in 1200 is not pinned.

Overlord

Alfonso IX

How things stand that morning

Royal city at peace; the old jealousy of Ciudad Rodrigo and Ledesma persists.

Wealth

Flocks and herds, grain of the Armuña, the Roman road (Vía de la Plata).

Military

Walls and the Roman bridge.

Threats

• Castilian Ávila to the east
• The Almohads beyond the Sierra de Béjar and Gata

Fuero

Fuero de Salamanca, the custom of the repopulation of 1102 under Raymond of Burgundy, written up in the late 12th and early 13th centuries.

Council

Concejo represented at the curia of 1188; the settlers were organised by origin ('naciones': Serranos, Castilians, Franks, Mozarabs, Portuguese, Galicians and others).

Communities

Franks, Mozarabs, Jews and the other settler nations; a cathedral school (the university comes only in 1218).

Militia

A strong frontier militia. In 1162 the Salamancans rose against Ferdinand II over the refoundation of Ciudad Rodrigo and Ledesma and were beaten at La Valmuza.

Where the sources disagree

On the map: The tierra is shared out between neighbouring towns' seeds; limits are approximate.

Primary sources for León

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• Annals of Toledo and other short Iberian annals (12th and 13th centuries; Anales Toledanos I to 1219). Florez's volume 23 gathers the short annals of the peninsula. Read online
• Chronicle of the World (Lucas of Tuy), Lucas de Tuy (1236, for Queen Berenguela). The Leonese counterpart to Rodrigo, written at San Isidoro for Berenguela. Read online
• Historical Monuments of Portugal: Writers (Annals of King Afonso, Chronicon Conimbricense, Chronica Gothorum and others) (12th to 15th centuries). The Portuguese annals in one volume. Read online
• Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile, Anonymous, probably Juan of Osma, chancellor of Castile (about 1223 to 1239). The chancellor's chronicle of Alfonso VIII's reign, detailed from the 1190s. Read online
• The Garden of Pages: a History of the Kings of the Maghreb and of the City of Fez, Ibn Abi Zar al-Fasi (completed in 1326 at Fez, for the Marinid sultan Abu Said Uthman). The Almohad chapters give a brisk dated narrative of al-Mansur's death and burial, al-Nasir's accession and the Banu Ghaniya troubles, with the kind of detail (coinage, public works at Fez and Rabat, prices, plagues) that a Fez compiler cared about, and the annals of Fez supply the city's governors and markets. Read online
• The Wondrous Account of the History of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi (about 1312, at Marrakesh). The Almohad section is the fullest year-by-year narrative of the caliphate around 1200: the last campaigns and the death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur in January 1199, the accession of his son Muhammad al-Nasir, the renewed war of the Banu Ghaniya in Ifriqiya under Yahya ibn Ishaq and his ally Qaraqush, the Almohad losses of Mahdia and Tunis a few years later, and al-Nasir's reconquest of Ifriqiya in 1205 to 1206 followed by the appointment of Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs as governor. Read online
• History of the Affairs of Spain, Rodrigo Jimenez de Rada (completed 1243). The archbishop's history of the peninsula, written forty years on by a Navarrese who served Castile. Read online
• The Gift of the Imamate, Ibn Sahib al-Sala (Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad al-Baji) (late twelfth century; the surviving part covers 1159 to 1173). The only Almohad court chronicle written from inside the administration, by a chancery secretary who travelled with the caliphs Abd al-Mu'min and Abu Yaqub Yusuf.

5 more in the sources library for France and Iberia.