Cold high country behind Panduranga, round Đà Lạt and the Di Linh and Bảo Lộc plateaux: the Koho and the Ma, the source of the resins and the aromatic woods of the southern trade.
Nothing here is documented in 1200; the entry rests on the goods appearing at the coast and on where they must have come from (board). The Koho and Ma goods reach the coast at Panduranga (board). The group names are those of the nineteenth and twentieth century; the Chinese and Cham sources of the time use general labels. We use the later name only to say which people the ground is for, and we read their society backwards from later ethnography: villages with headmen and elders, shifting fields, no kings and no towns.
Who holds it
- Title
- Village headmen and councils of elders; no overall chief is known for 1200
- Confidence
- low
Later ethnography read backwards; Chinese trade lists and Cham inscriptions that name hill goods (board)
Overlord
Panduranga takes what comes down; no tax is recorded.
How things stand that morning
Governing itself under village headmen; the lowland courts trade with it and claim it in name; not pinned further.
Wealth
Resins, aromatic woods, wax.
Military
Village fighters; no numbers.
Places of note
- Lang Bian: Plateau
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Chinese trade lists, Cham inscriptions that name hill goods, and ethnography written six centuries later (board); no dated event for 1200.
On the map: A union of modern districts standing for the people's country; there was no border, and the groups overlapped and traded across any line we draw.
Sources and studies
- OMNIA board notes for the Vietnam and Champa area (a lead, not a source)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.