The hill villages between the Salween and the plain of the Ping and the Wang, from Mae Sariang south to the Moei and Umphang.
Customs and assemblies: each village governs itself, farms hill rice and keeps the tracks between Haripunjaya and the Mon coast. The Karen are documented only on the Burmese side in Pagan inscriptions as Luce reads them (Tonsu hill-men in 1165 to 1167, Karyang in 1240, Cakraw slaves in 1242, via English Wikipedia); the Thai-side Karen of 1200 are inferred from later settlement.
Who holds it
- Title
- Village headmen of the Karen
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- See the Karen headmen record.
- Confidence
- low
Overlord
none; some villages in Pagan's orbit on the Burmese side
What it holds
- The hill villages of the Moei and Salween ranges on the Thai side
- The tracks over the Dawna ranges
How it was acquired
Native to the hills (the migration dates are reconstructions).
Allies and rivals
Haripunjaya east; the Mon coast and Pagan west; the Lawa north.
How things stand that morning
Self-governing; no Karen chief is named.
Wealth
Hill rice, cloth, forest goods.
Military
Village fighters.
Threats
- Valley lords pressing the tracks (later)
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Pagan inscriptions for the Burmese side; the Thai side is inferred.
On the map: A long strip of hill country; no boundary is implied.
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.