Longhushan

Who holds it

Title

Celestial Master (Zhang Tianshi) of the Zhengyi order, head of the Zhang family at Longhushan

Since

not pinned

Born

not known

Family

Zhang

Confidence

low

The assignment gives the 32nd or 33rd Celestial Master. The Daoist Info wiki names the 30th (Zhang Jixian, under Huizong) and the 35th (Zhang Keda, active in the 1230s), so the head in 1200 falls in between, but the page names none of the 31st to 34th and we could not check a list. Name not known; number not pinned.

Overlord

The Song court by title; locally the prefect of the prefecture it stands in.

What it holds

• Shangqing Palace and the Mansion of the Celestial Master at Shangqing town
• Temple lands and tenants at Guixi and in Xinzhou (extent not pinned)
• The right to confer registers (lu) and issue talismans on men entering Daoist orders
• The Daoist temples and communities of the south that look to Longhushan

How it was acquired

By descent: the family claims the Celestial Master title from Zhang Daoling of the Han. The Song court gave titles under Zhenzong and Huizong, and a building grant and relief from land rent under Zhenzong (Daoist Info wiki).

Allies and rivals

Sister centres of Daoist registers: Maoshan (the Shangqing school) and Gezaoshan (the Lingbao school). The Song emperors from Gaozong to Lizong 'had great esteem for Daoism' and treated the Celestial Masters kindly (Daoist Info wiki). Patron: The Song court, and the Guixi gentry.

How things stand that morning

In good standing with the court. The Qingyuan ban strikes the Neo-Confucians, not the Daoists, and we found no sign that it touches Longhushan. No dated quarrel or favour for 1199 or 1200.

Wealth

Registration and ordination fees, temple land rents, gifts from the court and from believers. No figures.

Military

No armed force: tenants, lay servants and students. No numbers.

Threats

• A dispute over the tax status of temple land
• Rival centres selling ordinations
• Fire at the wooden halls

Places of note

• Shangqing town (Palace and Mansion): The Shangqing Palace and the Mansion of the Celestial Master.
• Longhushan: The mountain.

Where the sources disagree

• Assignment asks to check whether the head in 1200 is the 32nd or 33rd Celestial Master. Not settled: no list was reachable.
• After 1200 and not part of the 1200 state: in 1239 Lizong commands the 35th Celestial Master Zhang Keda to unite the Lingbao, Shangqing and Zhengyi schools under Longhushan (English Wikipedia); the Yuan give the family control of Daoist affairs in Jiangnan (1277).
• The Celestial Master's standing with the court on 1 January 1200 is settled only in general terms: favoured, no dated incident.

Evidence: The Zhang family's seat and the Song court's honours are well attested for the eleventh and twelfth centuries; the head on 1 January 1200 is not named in anything we reached; the Daoist Info wiki page we read names the 24th, 30th, 35th and 36th masters but not those between, and a Chinese article on the Zhang masters (Sohu, OCR text) names none of the 31st to 33rd either; estate and tax details are general.

On the map: Seeds round Shangqing and the mountain; the real estates and tax-exempt lands are not mapped.

Primary sources for Southern Song

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Bi Yuan (畢沅), completed by Feng Jiwu after his death (late eighteenth century, finished after 1801, from Song and Yuan sources). A Qing scholar's continuous month-by-month chronicle of the Song and Yuan centuries, compiled from the Song shi, the Liao, Jin and Yuan histories, Li Tao, Li Xinchuan and other Song sources. Read online
• Outline and Details of Two Reigns (thirteenth century, after 1224). A Song outline-and-detail chronicle of exactly the two reigns around 1200, drawn from the court's daily records. Read online
• Annals of the Western Xia, Wu Guangcheng (吳廣成) (1825 to 1827, compiled from Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan sources). A Qing scholar's year-by-year reconstruction of Tangut history from the Chinese histories, since the Xia left no surviving annals of their own in Chinese. Read online
• History of the Song, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345, from the Song veritable records, state histories and the Huiyao). The official history of the Southern Song, which ruled from Lin'an (Hangzhou) in 1200. Read online
• History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
• History of the Jin, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office, with Ouyang Xuan among the chief compilers (1343 to 1344, from the Jin veritable records and the Jin national history). The official history of the Jurchen empire that ruled north China and Manchuria in 1200. Read online
• History of the Song, the chapters on Xia and on foreign states, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345). The Song court's accounts of its neighbours, each arranged as an annal of embassies and wars. Read online
• Record of the Great Jin State, Attributed to Yuwen Maozhao (宇文懋昭); the attribution is doubtful (preface dated 1234; probably assembled in the Southern Song from Song and Jin material, with later accretions). A Song-side history of the Jin, with annals for each emperor and chapters on institutions, customs, the capitals and the Jurchen way of life. Read online

12 more in the sources library for South China.