Two stretches of this map's ground have no ruler and no Jin officer, and they are drawn in one pale colour with each people's range outlined in its own record.
In the north-east they are the hunting and herding peoples of the east side of the Great Khingan and the Nonni valley, whom the Liao and Jin sources lump together as Shiwei (the Mongolic-speaking ones, kin of the Tatars and Mongols), with the Tungus-speaking ancestors of the Evenk and Oroqen in the forest and the hunters of the Amur's right bank at Heihe. The Jin do not administer them: the Dongbei commission at Taizhou watches the Nonni plain and takes what horsemen and furs it can through the frontier jiu units. In the west they are the Tibetan and Qiang tribes of the Tao and Daxia valleys and the Min mountains, who follow their own headmen under loose Jin supervision (the Jin hold the towns and the roads, the chiefs the uplands), and the hill hamlets of the high Qinling, which neither the Jin counties nor the Song prefectures reach.
Each group has its own record.
Who rules
- Name
- None named for 1199-1200 in the sources read
- Title
- No ruler: each valley, camp and hill village follows its own headmen and elders
- Confidence
- low
What the realm holds
- The east slope of the Great Khingan and the Nonni valley (the Shiwei, Daur and Evenk elders)
- The Khingan foot at Ulanhot and Tuquan (the Shiwei remnants)
- The forest of the Khingan east side (the Evenk and Oroqen hunters)
- The Amur's right bank at Heihe
- The Tibetan upland of the Tao and Daxia valleys round He zhou and Tao zhou
- The Qiang and Tibetan hill country of the Min mountains
- The high Qinling round Taibai
The realm that morning
No war, revolt or raid is recorded for any of these peoples in the winter of 1199-1200. The Shiwei of the Khingan foot lie in the zone of the jiu units and of the Onggirat's raids.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: No chief, headman or elder of any of these peoples is named for 1 January 1200 in anything the researchers could read. The Liao and Jin sources lump the north-eastern peoples together; the Tibetan and Qiang chiefs follow from the general pattern of Jin frontier rule and are not documented for these tribes; the modern names (Daur, Evenk, Oroqen) are later usage for peoples whose names in 1200 are not settled.
On the map: One colour for many peoples that answer to no prince. The outlines are the researchers' rough ranges of mobile peoples and the modern counties of the uplands; the Tibetan and Qiang ground runs on into the Tibet and South China maps.
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.