Sukhothai and Chaliang

Who he is

Name

Khom Sabat Khlon Lamphong (a name from the stele of 1292; not pinned for 1200). Before him, in the same later reading, Sri Naw Nam Thum.

Title

Lord of Sukhothai and Chaliang (named only in the later story)

Since

about 1180 on one reading (English Wikipedia, Sukhothai Historical Park; Si Satchanalai); not pinned

Born

not known

Family

Griswold and Prasert na Nagara read him as commander of a Khmer garrison; more recent work finds no rank in the name and treats him as a local figure tied to Lavo (same article). Sri Naw Nam Thum, father of Pha Mueang and of Nang Sueang, is dated 'from 1219' in English Wikipedia's Sukhothai Kingdom article and 'late 12th and early 13th century' in the park article: the dates conflict.

Confidence

low

English Wikipedia (Sukhothai Historical Park; Si Satchanalai Historical Park; Sukhothai Kingdom); the stele of 1292 (authenticity disputed since 1987). Not pinned for 1 January 1200.

Overlord

Angkor by culture and gifts (Khmer shrines; a Jayabuddhamahanatha-type image at Wat Phra Phai Luang by 1191); no attested governor.

What it holds

• The Khmer-orbit town of Sukhothai with its Khmer shrines
• Chaliang on the Yom, 'about fifty kilometres north' (English Wikipedia)
• The forest goods that come down the Yom to Lavo

How things stand that morning

A Khmer-orbit town with no attested governor; Tai chiefs already live in the plain; Pha Mueang's father (Sri Naw Nam Thum) rules Mueang Rat on a chronicle reading. The names do not fix a lord for 1 January.

Wealth

Forest goods, lac, iron, hides; stoneware (Sawankhalok kilns, later).

Threats

• Tai chiefs of the Yom and Nan (Pha Mueang's house)

What the year holds

What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.

1. 1238 to 1243 (1238 conventional; Wyatt about 1243)The Tai brothers Bang Klang Hao and Pha Mueang take Sukhothai and Chaliang; Bang Klang Hao becomes Si Inthrathit.Depends on: A Tai chiefly house in the plain and a Khmer-orbit lord too weak to answer. Stopped by: A Khmer court able to hold the Yom.
2. 1250A new town, Si Satchanalai, is built in the western part of Chaliang (English Wikipedia).Depends on: The Tai kingdom of Sukhothai. Stopped by: No Tai capture.
3. 1292The Ram Khamhaeng stele (authenticity disputed since 1987) is dated.Depends on: Sukhothai's kingdom. Stopped by: -

Places of note

• Sukhothai (old city): Khmer shrines and a small town.
• Chaliang: Older river town; Bayon-style prang at Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat.

Where the sources disagree

• The campaign board entry sukhothai-sukhodaya: 'a Khmer governor over it'. Not shown; Baker and Pasuk reject it. The campaign board entry si-satchanalai-chaliang: 'passes to the Tai at the same moment Sukhothai does' is the later story.
• English Wikipedia (Sukhothai Historical Park) says Khom Sabat took Sukhothai from Sri Naw Nam Thum about 1180; the Sukhothai Kingdom article has Sri Naw Nam Thum ruling from 1219. We do not resolve it.

Evidence: Monuments are firm; every name is from the 1292 stele or later chronicle.

"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.

On the map: A claimed block; no Khmer administration is shown.

Primary sources for Khmer empire

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• The Abridged History of Viet, Anonymous (attributed by some to Su Hy Nhan) (about 1377, probably as an abridgement of Le Van Huu's lost history of 1272). The oldest surviving Vietnamese history, a century older than the Complete Annals and in places fuller for the Ly dynasty, which fills its second and third books.
• The Complete Annals of Dai Viet, Ngo Si Lien, drawing on Le Van Huu's Dai Viet su ky (1272) and Phan Phu Tien; continued by Pham Cong Tru and Le Hi (1479; printed 1697 in the standard Chinh Hoa edition). The main narrative source for Dai Viet in 1200, compiled in 1479 from Le Van Huu's lost history of 1272. Read online
• The later Tai, Lao and Mon chronicles of the north, Ratanapanna (Jinakalamali); Bodhiramsi (Chamadevivamsa); anonymous monks and court scribes (the Chamadevivamsa about 1410; the Jinakalamali 1516 to 1528; the Chiang Mai Chronicle in its surviving form 1827; the Nithan Khun Borom 16th to 17th century). There is no text of 1200 for the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya, the Tai muang of Ngoenyang (Chiang Saen), Chiang Rung, the Yom and Nan valleys, or the Lao middle Mekong.
• History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
• History of the Song, the chapters on Xia and on foreign states, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345). The Song court's accounts of its neighbours, each arranged as an annal of embassies and wars. Read online
• Corpus of the Inscriptions of Campa (EFEO and ISAW), Various (the Cham kings and their officers), edited by Arlo Griffiths, Amandine Lepoutre, William Southworth and Thanh Phan (inscriptions of the 4th to 15th centuries; the online corpus from 2012). The online edition of the Cham inscriptions, with photographs, texts and translations, keyed to the C. numbers. Read online
• The Inscriptions of Cambodia, Various (the Khmer kings and their officers), edited by George Coedes (inscriptions of the 6th to 14th centuries; edited 1937 to 1966). The Khmer empire of 1200 is known almost entirely from the great foundation stelae of Jayavarman VII (reigning from 1181), which Coedes edited: the Ta Prohm stele of 1186 (K. Read online
• The Sanskrit inscriptions of Cambodia and Champa (ISCC), Various (Khmer and Cham kings), edited by Auguste Barth and Abel Bergaigne (inscriptions of the 7th to 12th centuries; edited 1885 to 1893). The founding edition of Khmer and Cham Sanskrit epigraphy, public domain and online, which Coedes's later corpus supersedes but does not replace. Read online

5 more in the sources library for Mainland Southeast Asia.