The Jin court is an alliance of a few Jurchen clans.
English Wikipedia (Empress Qinhuai page) lists the clans from which earlier empresses had all come: Tudan, Tangkuo, Pucha, Nalan and Pusan (the page runs the two names together), Heshili, Wulinda and Wulungu (Wugulun). The princesses of Shizong's and Yungong's lines were given to these houses: Wugulun Yuanzhong (Duke of Ren) and Wugulun Yi; Pusan Kui (the soldier of the next decade, who married a Wanyan princess); Pucha Husha, Pucha Pusulie and Pucha Cibu; Tangkuo Gong and Tangkuo Ding; Wulinda Fu; Heshilie Zhushennu. Zhangzong's own first wife was a Pucha.
Men of such houses are likely to hold great offices of the household, the guard, the campaign boards and the Privy Council, but no officeholder is dated here. Their power is a web of marriage, office and shared interest, not an army or a fortress.
Who he is
- Title
- Heads of the great clans
- Confidence
- low
Individual heads are not dated for 1 January 1200.
Overlord
Emperor Zhangzong
What it holds
- Hereditary meng'an and mouke posts
- Court and guard offices
- Marriage ties to the princesses
Allies and rivals
Rivals for the empress's chair in the past (their daughters filled it). Whether they stand together against the Li kin on 1 January 1200 is not pinned.
How things stand that morning
The clans are the court. Their names, not their lands, are what a player of the Jin court needs.
Places of note
- Zhongdu: The Central Capital.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Names and marriages from the Shizong and Yungong pages; offices not dated.
On the map: A person or office with no land of its own; the drawing is a marker.
Primary sources for Jin empire
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- Annals of the Western Xia, Wu Guangcheng (吳廣成) (1825 to 1827, compiled from Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan sources). A Qing scholar's year-by-year reconstruction of Tangut history from the Chinese histories, since the Xia left no surviving annals of their own in Chinese. Read online
- Continuation of the Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government, Bi Yuan (畢沅), completed by Feng Jiwu after his death (late eighteenth century, finished after 1801, from Song and Yuan sources). A Qing scholar's continuous month-by-month chronicle of the Song and Yuan centuries, compiled from the Song shi, the Liao, Jin and Yuan histories, Li Tao, Li Xinchuan and other Song sources. Read online
- Essentials of the History of Goryeo, Kim Jong-seo (金宗瑞) and the Joseon history office (1452). The chronological companion to the Goryeosa, finished a year after it and drawing on the same lost records, sometimes with entries the Goryeosa omits. Read online
- Outline and Details of Two Reigns (thirteenth century, after 1224). A Song outline-and-detail chronicle of exactly the two reigns around 1200, drawn from the court's daily records. Read online
- Record of the Personal Campaigns of the Holy Warrior (Chinggis Khan) (presented to Khubilai in 1288, finished in Mongolian in 1290; the surviving Chinese version dates from 1369). A year-by-year Chinese account of Temujin's wars, drawn from the lost Altan Debter (the same source behind the Yuan shi's first chapter and Rashid al-Din). Read online
- The Secret History of the Mongols (1228 or 1240 (the colophon's Year of the Rat is disputed), with later additions; the surviving Chinese transcription and gloss were made under the Ming in the 1380s). The only Mongol account of Temujin's rise, written within living memory. Read online
- History of the Jin, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office, with Ouyang Xuan among the chief compilers (1343 to 1344, from the Jin veritable records and the Jin national history). The official history of the Jurchen empire that ruled north China and Manchuria in 1200. Read online
- Record of the Great Jin State, Attributed to Yuwen Maozhao (宇文懋昭); the attribution is doubtful (preface dated 1234; probably assembled in the Southern Song from Song and Jin material, with later accretions). A Song-side history of the Jin, with annals for each emperor and chapters on institutions, customs, the capitals and the Jurchen way of life. Read online
14 more in the sources library for North China and Manchuria.
Sources and studies
- Empress Qinhuai (English Wikipedia)
- Emperor Shizong of Jin (English Wikipedia, with the list of his consorts, sons and daughters)
- Wanyan Yungong (English Wikipedia)
- Jinshi (History of the Jin), Benji of Zhangzong, Dili zhi, Hequ zhi, Shihuo zhi and Bing zhi (recalled from memory and the secondary literature; the text itself could not be opened in this session)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.