'Oosthoek' (the east corner) is a Dutch name of later centuries; it serves here for the country from Probolinggo through Lumajang, Jember, Bondowoso and Situbondo to Banyuwangi, the least Javanese part of Java and the most Balinese (board).
The Pasuruan to Banyuwangi coast has local chiefs and landings at Panarukan and across the strait from Bali; behind them lie the Semeru foothills and the Ijen caldera. The standing of the corner under Kediri is nowhere recorded: the brief calls it a claim, the campaign board says the same, and we found no plate, notice or officer. The strait is two miles of fast water, which is why Bali is a separate country and why it never entirely is.
Who holds it
- Title
- Chiefs of the eastern coast and the Semeru foothills
- Since
- not pinned
- Born
- not known
- Confidence
- low
Nothing names any chief, officer or plate here.
Overlord
the king of Kediri, by claim only
What it holds
- Landings on the strait and the Madura strait coast
- The foothill rice ground of Lumajang and Jember (inference)
How things stand that morning
Claimed by Kediri; nothing shows a governor or a war. Balinese reach across the strait is possible and unattested.
Wealth
Rice on the foothills and coast trade; no figures.
Military
None attested.
Places of note
- Blambangan (Banyuwangi): The strait landing; see Blambangan.
- Panarukan: Landing on the north coast; see Panarukan.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: No source names the place or its lord for 1200.
On the map: A claim; the real reach of any Javanese lord here is not known.
Primary sources for Kediri
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
- History of the Song, the chapters on Xia and on foreign states, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345). The Song court's accounts of its neighbours, each arranged as an annal of embassies and wars. Read online
- Old Javanese Charters (the Brandes and Krom corpus), including the Kediri inscriptions of Kamesvara and Srngga, Various (the Kediri kings and their officers), edited by J. L. A. Brandes and N. J. Krom (inscriptions of the 8th to 15th centuries; edited 1913). Kediri (Panjalu) in 1200 is known from a few royal charters on stone and copper, which this corpus first printed: the records of Kamesvara (about 1182 to 1194) and of Srngga, that is Kertajaya (from about 1194 to 1222), among them the Kamulan charter of 1194 and the Palah (Panataran) record of 1197, with the king's titles, his seal, the officials of the court and the villages freed from tax.
- A Description of the Foreign Peoples (Records of Foreign Nations), Zhao Rukuo (Zhao Rugua) (1225 at Quanzhou). The best single text for the island world around 1200, written by the superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou from merchants' reports a generation after the date. Read online
- Notes in Answer to Questions about the Lands beyond the Passes, Zhou Qufei (周去非) (1178, after service in Guangxi). A Guangxi official's notes, written twenty years before 1200, on the south-western frontier of the Song and the countries beyond. Read online
- Description of the Foreign Peoples (Chau Ju-kua), Zhao Rukuo (趙汝适) (about 1225, while superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou). The Song customs officer's survey of the overseas world, compiled from merchants and from Zhou Qufei, a generation after 1200 but describing trade routes that were the same in 1200. Read online
- The Description of the Country, called the Nagarakretagama, Mpu Prapanca (1365 at the Majapahit court). A Majapahit court poem of 1365 listed here only for its retrospect. Read online
Sources and studies
- Wikipedia (en), Kediri Kingdom (read in this pass): Kertajaya 1194-1222, Ceker and Kamulan plates, animal-titled officials under Gandra, Chinese notices, end at Ganter
- Wikipedia (en), List of volcanoes in Indonesia (read in this pass): summit coordinates of Semeru, Bromo, Arjuno-Welirang, Penanggungan, Kelud, Lawu, Merapi, Merbabu, Sumbing, Sindoro, Slamet, Dieng, Muria, Batur, Agung, Rinjani, Tambora, Sangeang Api and others
- General knowledge of Old Javanese and Old Balinese epigraphy and the archaeology of Java, recalled and not re-read in this pass (Boechari, Poerbatjaraka, Soekmono, Bernet Kempers)
- OMNIA board notes for the place (a lead, not a source)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.