The high shoulders between the Malang basin and the Brantas: cool, wet and worked in terraces (board).
Ash from Kawi, Arjuno and Kelud makes the soil. The campaign board says they feed the eastern appanages and carry the road from Tumapel down to the river; no appanage holder is named in any source we read, so read 'appanage' as the campaign board's word for the land round Tumapel and the lords of the east (see Akuwu of Tumapel and Royal kin). In the Pararaton's story the Malang country is where Ken Arok's rise begins, but that is literature and falls in the 1220s, after this date.
The Candi Badut of about 760 stands in the basin below (its own record). Arjuno-Welirang is 7 deg 43.5 S, 112 deg 34.8 E (en.wikipedia).
Who holds it
- Title
- Village headmen of the terraced shoulders; the lord of Tumapel stands over the basin below
- Since
- not pinned
- Born
- not known
- Confidence
- low
The akuwu of Tumapel is unnamed in any inscription of the 1190s (see Akuwu of Tumapel). No headman of the shoulders is named.
Overlord
the king of Kediri; the akuwu of Tumapel on the ground, if Tumapel is his district
What it holds
- Terraced rice and vegetable ground on the volcano shoulders
- The highland road from the Malang basin down to the Brantas
How things stand that morning
Worked ground in the Kediri sphere; no plate, officer or war is dated here.
Wealth
Terrace crops and the road tolls, if any are taken; no figures.
Military
None attested.
Places of note
- Arjuno-Welirang: The twin volcano above the shoulders.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Geography and the campaign board's note; no dated source.
"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.
On the map: A rough outline; the shoulders have no known boundary.
Primary sources for Kediri
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
- History of the Song, the chapters on Xia and on foreign states, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345). The Song court's accounts of its neighbours, each arranged as an annal of embassies and wars. Read online
- Old Javanese Charters (the Brandes and Krom corpus), including the Kediri inscriptions of Kamesvara and Srngga, Various (the Kediri kings and their officers), edited by J. L. A. Brandes and N. J. Krom (inscriptions of the 8th to 15th centuries; edited 1913). Kediri (Panjalu) in 1200 is known from a few royal charters on stone and copper, which this corpus first printed: the records of Kamesvara (about 1182 to 1194) and of Srngga, that is Kertajaya (from about 1194 to 1222), among them the Kamulan charter of 1194 and the Palah (Panataran) record of 1197, with the king's titles, his seal, the officials of the court and the villages freed from tax.
- A Description of the Foreign Peoples (Records of Foreign Nations), Zhao Rukuo (Zhao Rugua) (1225 at Quanzhou). The best single text for the island world around 1200, written by the superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou from merchants' reports a generation after the date. Read online
- Notes in Answer to Questions about the Lands beyond the Passes, Zhou Qufei (周去非) (1178, after service in Guangxi). A Guangxi official's notes, written twenty years before 1200, on the south-western frontier of the Song and the countries beyond. Read online
- Description of the Foreign Peoples (Chau Ju-kua), Zhao Rukuo (趙汝适) (about 1225, while superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou). The Song customs officer's survey of the overseas world, compiled from merchants and from Zhou Qufei, a generation after 1200 but describing trade routes that were the same in 1200. Read online
- The Description of the Country, called the Nagarakretagama, Mpu Prapanca (1365 at the Majapahit court). A Majapahit court poem of 1365 listed here only for its retrospect. Read online
Sources and studies
- Wikipedia (en), List of volcanoes in Indonesia (read in this pass): summit coordinates of Semeru, Bromo, Arjuno-Welirang, Penanggungan, Kelud, Lawu, Merapi, Merbabu, Sumbing, Sindoro, Slamet, Dieng, Muria, Batur, Agung, Rinjani, Tambora, Sangeang Api and others
- Wikipedia (en), Badut Temple (read in this pass): about 760, link with the Dinoyo inscription (682 Saka, King Gajayana of Kanjuruhan) debated; found 1921, restored 1925-1926; lingam and yoni; Durga Mahishasuramardini; 7.958 S 112.598 E
- Wikipedia (en), Singhasari (read in this pass): Ken Arok, Tunggul Ametung, Tumapel, Battle of Genter 1222; Pararaton legendary
- Pararaton (about 1481, Javanese chronicle) as summarised by Wikipedia (Singhasari, Kertajaya); legendary in its early chapters
- OMNIA board notes for the place (a lead, not a source)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.