The old Pundra country, from which the largest Sena province takes its name (the bhukti of Pundravardhana in the plates).
We draw its heart on the Karatoya and the plain east of it as far as the Brahmaputra, with Mahasthangarh (Pundranagara) on its western edge. Varendra and Pundravardhana overlap in the plates; we split them at the Karatoya.
Who holds it
- Name
- not named
- Title
- Sena governor of Pundravardhana
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
General knowledge; Banglapedia.
Overlord
Lakshmanasena.
How things stand that morning
Held by the Senas.
Where the sources disagree
- The brief names Pundravardhana as a province; the Sena plates (as we remember them, not checked) use it for the large bhukti. We draw the heart only.
Evidence: Name from the plates as we remember them; the division from Varendra is mine.
On the map: A rough outline from rivers and ridges; the real order was villages, estates and chiefs.
Primary sources for Senas of Bengal
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Nasirean Generations (a general history of the Muslim dynasties), Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (completed 1260 at Delhi). The fullest narrative of the Ghurid conquest of northern India. Read online
- The Nasirid Generations: a General History of the Muslim Dynasties, Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (1259 to 1260, at Delhi). The Ghurid court's own history, by a man born in 1193 whose family served the sultans of Ghur and Ghazna. Read online
- Inscriptions of Bengal, vol. 3, Various (the Sena kings' chanceries), edited by N. G. Majumdar (copper plates of the 10th to early 13th centuries; edited 1929). The one-volume edition of the Sena copper plates, the main documentary evidence for Bengal around 1200. Read online
- Epigraphia Indica: inscriptions of the Chandelas, Paramaras, Gahadavalas, Chaulukyas, Senas and Eastern Gangas, Various (edited for the Archaeological Survey of India by J. Burgess, E. Hultzsch, F. Kielhorn, Sten Konow, F. W. Thomas and successors) (inscriptions of the 1180s to 1210s; the series ran from 1892). The main record series for the Hindu kingdoms of northern India around 1200. Read online
- The Song of Govinda, Jayadeva (late 12th century, by tradition at the court of Lakshmanasena of Bengal). A literary witness, not a chronicle. Read online
- The History of India as Told by its Own Historians: the Muhammadan Period, vol. 2, Various (Ibn al-Athir, Hasan Nizami, Awfi, Juzjani and others), edited by H. M. Elliot and John Dowson (the sources date from the 1190s to the 14th century; the collection was published in 1869). A one-volume anthology of the Arabic and Persian accounts of the Ghurid conquest. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.