The shrines of the country people, older than the Angkor reigns or from the early part of the kingdom.
Phnom Chisor (Suryaparvata), a hill temple of Suryavarman I for Shiva and partly for Vishnu; Phnom Da, the oldest stone temple of the delta, of the Funan time; Wat Ek Phnom, a Hindu temple of the 11th century by the Sangker with a baray; Phnom Banan, five sandstone towers on a hill; Phnom Santuk, a sandstone hill with shrines cut in the rock and a long stair, a landmark for travellers first and a temple second (board; its placement is approximate). They are Hindu in origin and the king is a Buddhist; what the villagers and the pilgrims do at them in 1200 is not recorded, and neither is any priest. Wat Nokor by Kampong Cham is the Buddhist counterpart, a complex of the last years of the reign.
Who holds it
- Title
- Keepers of the village and hill shrines (not named)
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
English Wikipedia: Phnom Chisor built by Suryavarman I, dedicated to Shiva and partly to Vishnu, door inscription K. 31 dated 941; Phnom Da, 6th century, Vishnu, statues attributed to the reign of Rudravarman (514 to 539); Wat Ek Phnom, a Hindu temple of Suryavarman I (1027 in the infobox) with reliefs of the Krishna myths. Phnom Banan and Phnom Santuk come from the campaign board only (the English Phnom Banan page was not found).
Overlord
The king, through the governors of the delta and of Battambang.
What it holds
- The hill temples and their villages (not located)
How things stand that morning
Standing and visited; no event.
Places of note
- Phnom Chisor: Hill temple of Suryavarman I (English Wikipedia coordinates).
- Phnom Da: 6th century hill temple by Angkor Borei (board placement).
- Wat Ek Phnom: 11th century temple with a baray (English Wikipedia coordinates).
- Phnom Banan: Five towers on a hill (board placement).
- Phnom Santuk: Sandstone hill with rock shrines and a stair (board placement, approximate).
Where the sources disagree
- The campaign board entry phnom-chisor (11.244, 104.902) lies about 10 km from the English Wikipedia coordinates (11.1844, 104.8233); we use the Wikipedia point.
- The campaign board entry wat-ek-phnom (13.164, 103.219) lies about 3 km east of the English Wikipedia coordinates (13.1628, 103.1883); we use the Wikipedia point.
- The K. 31 door text is dated 941 on the Phnom Chisor page, which is before the reign of the temple's builder; the page does not explain it.
Evidence: Monuments and dates from English Wikipedia (three of five); the other two from the campaign board.
"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.
On the map: Points only.
Primary sources for Khmer empire
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Abridged History of Viet, Anonymous (attributed by some to Su Hy Nhan) (about 1377, probably as an abridgement of Le Van Huu's lost history of 1272). The oldest surviving Vietnamese history, a century older than the Complete Annals and in places fuller for the Ly dynasty, which fills its second and third books.
- The Complete Annals of Dai Viet, Ngo Si Lien, drawing on Le Van Huu's Dai Viet su ky (1272) and Phan Phu Tien; continued by Pham Cong Tru and Le Hi (1479; printed 1697 in the standard Chinh Hoa edition). The main narrative source for Dai Viet in 1200, compiled in 1479 from Le Van Huu's lost history of 1272. Read online
- The later Tai, Lao and Mon chronicles of the north, Ratanapanna (Jinakalamali); Bodhiramsi (Chamadevivamsa); anonymous monks and court scribes (the Chamadevivamsa about 1410; the Jinakalamali 1516 to 1528; the Chiang Mai Chronicle in its surviving form 1827; the Nithan Khun Borom 16th to 17th century). There is no text of 1200 for the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya, the Tai muang of Ngoenyang (Chiang Saen), Chiang Rung, the Yom and Nan valleys, or the Lao middle Mekong.
- History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
- History of the Song, the chapters on Xia and on foreign states, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345). The Song court's accounts of its neighbours, each arranged as an annal of embassies and wars. Read online
- Corpus of the Inscriptions of Campa (EFEO and ISAW), Various (the Cham kings and their officers), edited by Arlo Griffiths, Amandine Lepoutre, William Southworth and Thanh Phan (inscriptions of the 4th to 15th centuries; the online corpus from 2012). The online edition of the Cham inscriptions, with photographs, texts and translations, keyed to the C. numbers. Read online
- The Inscriptions of Cambodia, Various (the Khmer kings and their officers), edited by George Coedes (inscriptions of the 6th to 14th centuries; edited 1937 to 1966). The Khmer empire of 1200 is known almost entirely from the great foundation stelae of Jayavarman VII (reigning from 1181), which Coedes edited: the Ta Prohm stele of 1186 (K. Read online
- The Sanskrit inscriptions of Cambodia and Champa (ISCC), Various (Khmer and Cham kings), edited by Auguste Barth and Abel Bergaigne (inscriptions of the 7th to 12th centuries; edited 1885 to 1893). The founding edition of Khmer and Cham Sanskrit epigraphy, public domain and online, which Coedes's later corpus supersedes but does not replace. Read online
Sources and studies
- English Wikipedia, Phnom Chisor
- English Wikipedia, Phnom Da
- English Wikipedia, Wat Ek Phnom
- English Wikipedia, Wat Nokor
- OMNIA board notes for the Khmer and Lao area (a lead, not a source)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.