The royal city of Kashmir, Pravarapura, on both banks of the Jhelum in the Vale, with its bridges, canals, temples and the hills of Hari Parbat and the Gopadri above it.
The court, the great Brahmin families and the merchants live here; the over-mighty landholders of the Vale come and go with their followings.
Who holds it
- Name
- King Jagadeva
- Title
- Royal capital
- Since
- 1198 or 1199
- Confidence
- medium
Lord in 1200
King Jagadeva (see Jagadeva).
How things stand that morning
Royal capital.
Council
The king's ministers.
Communities
Hindus (Shaiva and Vaishnava), Buddhists, a few Muslim traders.
Fairs and markets
Not pinned; no market days or fairs recorded for 1200 in what was consulted.
Walls and castle
The royal palace and the hill forts (not pinned in detail).
Trade and crafts
Wool and woollens, rice, saffron and fruit of the Vale; trade over the passes to the Punjab and Ladakh.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Jonaraja's chronicle only for this reign.
Primary sources for Kashmir
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The River of Kings, with Jonaraja's continuation, Kalhana; continued by Jonaraja (Kalhana 1148 to 1150; Jonaraja about 1459). Kalhana's chronicle stops in 1149, so for 1200 the witness is Jonaraja, writing three centuries later and very briefly. Read online
- The Nasirid Generations: a General History of the Muslim Dynasties, Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (1259 to 1260, at Delhi). The Ghurid court's own history, by a man born in 1193 whose family served the sultans of Ghur and Ghazna. Read online
- History of Buddhism in India and Tibet, Buton Rinchen Drub (Bu ston Rin chen grub) (1322). Optional background. Read online
- The Blue Annals, Go Lotsawa Zhonnu Pal ('Gos lo tsa ba gZhon nu dpal) (1476 to 1478). The fullest Tibetan account of who mattered around 1200, written three centuries later from earlier biographies and lineage records, many now lost. Read online
- The Nasirean Generations (a general history of the Muslim dynasties), Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (completed 1260 at Delhi). The fullest narrative of the Ghurid conquest of northern India. Read online
- Indo-Tibetica (the temples and inscriptions of western Tibet), with the Royal Genealogy of Ngari, Giuseppe Tucci (editor and translator); the genealogy by Ngawang Drakpa (Ngag dbang grags pa) (the inscriptions and temple records of the 11th to 15th centuries; Indo-Tibetica published 1932 to 1941; the genealogy about 1497). Guge, Purang and Ladakh in 1200 are among the least documented kingdoms in the atlas. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.