The Ping and the Kok are roads of goods as well as rivers.
The Mon merchants of Lamphun are the only named traders, and they are named only in the chronicle story in which they tell Mangrai of Lamphun's wealth. Chinese traders reached the north by Dali and Chiang Rung; Burmese and Shan traders by the Salween roads; the goods are salt, iron, silver, cowries, cloth, lac, tea, horses and mules. No quarter, fair or toll-house is dated for 1200.
Who he is
- Title
- Merchant houses and caravan leaders
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- None named.
- Confidence
- low
The only named traders are the Mon merchants of the Mangrai story (English Wikipedia, Lamphun), a chronicle episode of the 1280s or 1290s.
Overlord
the rulers of the towns they trade through
What it holds
- Trade in salt, iron, cloth, lac and silver on the Ping and Kok roads
How it was acquired
Not applicable.
Allies and rivals
Every ruler on the roads.
How things stand that morning
Active, as far as can be guessed; no dated fact.
Wealth
Trade.
Threats
- A ruler closing a road
Places of note
- Lamphun: the Mon merchants
- Mae Sai: the road to the Shan valleys and Kengtung
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: A late chronicle story and general knowledge of the trade.
On the map: No ground; points only.
Primary sources for Haripunjaya
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma, The Royal Historical Commission of King Bagyidaw (Monywe Sayadaw and others), drawing on U Kala's Maha Yazawin (about 1724) and earlier chronicles (1829 to 1832). The standard Burmese court chronicle, compiled six centuries after 1200 from older chronicles now lost. Read online
- The later Tai, Lao and Mon chronicles of the north, Ratanapanna (Jinakalamali); Bodhiramsi (Chamadevivamsa); anonymous monks and court scribes (the Chamadevivamsa about 1410; the Jinakalamali 1516 to 1528; the Chiang Mai Chronicle in its surviving form 1827; the Nithan Khun Borom 16th to 17th century). There is no text of 1200 for the Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya, the Tai muang of Ngoenyang (Chiang Saen), Chiang Rung, the Yom and Nan valleys, or the Lao middle Mekong.
- Epigraphia Birmanica, being lithic and other inscriptions of Burma, Various, edited by Taw Sein Ko, C. Duroiselle and C. O. Blagden (inscriptions of the 11th to 15th centuries; the series ran from 1919 to 1936). The Archaeological Survey of Burma's series of edited inscriptions with full translations. Read online
- Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava; Inscriptions of Burma, Various (the Pagan kings, queens, ministers and donors), edited by Tun Nyein, Taw Sein Ko, G. H. Luce and Pe Maung Tin (inscriptions of the 11th to 14th centuries; editions 1899 and 1933 to 1956). The dedicatory inscriptions of Pagan are the only contemporary texts for the kingdom of Narapatisithu (reigning 1174 to 1211). Read online
- The Inscriptions of Cambodia, Various (the Khmer kings and their officers), edited by George Coedes (inscriptions of the 6th to 14th centuries; edited 1937 to 1966). The Khmer empire of 1200 is known almost entirely from the great foundation stelae of Jayavarman VII (reigning from 1181), which Coedes edited: the Ta Prohm stele of 1186 (K. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.