Jalatunda

Who holds it

Title

Priests and hermits of Penanggungan

Since

not pinned

Born

not known

Confidence

low

No priest, hermit or patron of Penanggungan is named for the twelfth century in a source we read.

Overlord

the king of Kediri, as patron by custom

What it holds

• The bathing place and the spring
• Terraced sanctuaries and hermitages on the mountain
• Belahan on the eastern flank

How it was acquired

Founded in the tenth century (977, board); Belahan about 1049 (board).

Allies and rivals

The hulun hyang districts of the chain (Hulun hyang).

How things stand that morning

In use as a sacred mountain on the evidence of the range 977 to 1511; nothing is dated for the winter of 1200.

Wealth

Offerings; no figures.

Places of note

• Penanggungan (summit): The sacred mountain.

Where the sources disagree

• The campaign board entry jolotundo-penanggungan puts the site at 7.598 S, 112.598 E. We use the campaign board point; the site is on the western flank, about three kilometres from the summit, and we did not check it further.

Evidence: The range of dates is on en.wikipedia; the rest is the campaign board's note.

"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.

On the map: A disc at the campaign board point.

Primary sources for Kediri

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• History of Song, chapters 488 and 489: Jiaozhi, Dali, Champa, Zhenla, Pagan, Srivijaya, Java, Brunei, Chola and Tambralinga, Toqto'a (Tuotuo) and the Yuan history office, from the Song court records (1343 to 1345, from Song veritable records and court diaries). The Chinese court's record of its southern neighbours, compiled from Song archives. Read online
• History of the Song, the chapters on Xia and on foreign states, Toqto'a (脫脫) and the Yuan history office (1343 to 1345). The Song court's accounts of its neighbours, each arranged as an annal of embassies and wars. Read online
• Old Javanese Charters (the Brandes and Krom corpus), including the Kediri inscriptions of Kamesvara and Srngga, Various (the Kediri kings and their officers), edited by J. L. A. Brandes and N. J. Krom (inscriptions of the 8th to 15th centuries; edited 1913). Kediri (Panjalu) in 1200 is known from a few royal charters on stone and copper, which this corpus first printed: the records of Kamesvara (about 1182 to 1194) and of Srngga, that is Kertajaya (from about 1194 to 1222), among them the Kamulan charter of 1194 and the Palah (Panataran) record of 1197, with the king's titles, his seal, the officials of the court and the villages freed from tax.
• A Description of the Foreign Peoples (Records of Foreign Nations), Zhao Rukuo (Zhao Rugua) (1225 at Quanzhou). The best single text for the island world around 1200, written by the superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou from merchants' reports a generation after the date. Read online
• Notes in Answer to Questions about the Lands beyond the Passes, Zhou Qufei (周去非) (1178, after service in Guangxi). A Guangxi official's notes, written twenty years before 1200, on the south-western frontier of the Song and the countries beyond. Read online
• Description of the Foreign Peoples (Chau Ju-kua), Zhao Rukuo (趙汝适) (about 1225, while superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou). The Song customs officer's survey of the overseas world, compiled from merchants and from Zhou Qufei, a generation after 1200 but describing trade routes that were the same in 1200. Read online
• The Description of the Country, called the Nagarakretagama, Mpu Prapanca (1365 at the Majapahit court). A Majapahit court poem of 1365 listed here only for its retrospect. Read online