A scatter of brick and stone shrines (candi) of Shaiva and Buddhist types, with some fifty sites found in the valley and on the slopes of Gunung Jerai; the brief says they run from the eighth century, and the English Wikipedia article on the Bujang valley and the history of Kedah describe a late eleventh to fourteenth century trade centre at Pengkalan Bujang.
Which shrines were still served in 1200, whose priests served them, and what lands supported them are not recorded. The Chola raid of 1025 and the later Tamil dedications leave traces, not a list.
Who holds it
- Title
- The keepers of the Bujang shrines, not named
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
No source names an abbot, priest or headman of this house for any date near 1 January 1200.
Overlord
The ruler of Kedah, not known.
What it holds
- The shrine or temple and what the campaign board and the remains show of its endowment
How things stand that morning
Not recorded. Standing shrines of mixed age; none can be shown in service in 1200.
Places of note
- Pengkalan Bujang wharf shrines: The wharf-side shrines and the trade centre of the late eleventh to the fourteenth century.
- Gunung Jerai: The mountain, a seamark and a sacred height.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Fair for the existence of the shrines; nothing for a holder or lands in 1200.
On the map: A point only: no land of its own is recorded.
Primary sources for Malay ports
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Leiden grants of Rajaraja I and Kulottunga I concerning the Srivijaya vihara at Nagapattinam, The Chola chancery (Rajaraja I, Rajendra I, Kulottunga I) (the Larger plates about 1005 to 1014 (completed under Rajendra I); the Smaller plates 1090). Background documents for the relations between the Cholas and the Malay world. Read online
- The Grahi (Chaiya) Buddha inscription and the Tambralinga records, Various (the officers of Grahi and the kings of Tambralinga), edited by George Coedes (the Chaiya bronze Buddha inscription 1183; the Nakhon Si Thammarat records 13th century; edited 1929, revised 1961). The peninsula in 1200 has one near-contemporary dated text: the Old Khmer inscription on the base of a bronze Buddha from Wat Hua Wiang at Chaiya, dated 1183, which records the image's casting by order of the mahasenapati Galanai, governor of Grahi, under the king Srimat Trailokyaraja Maulibhusanavarmadeva, a name that is argued to be either a Malayu (Srivijaya) overlord or a local king.
- A Description of the Foreign Peoples (Records of Foreign Nations), Zhao Rukuo (Zhao Rugua) (1225 at Quanzhou). The best single text for the island world around 1200, written by the superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou from merchants' reports a generation after the date. Read online
- The Description of the Country, called the Nagarakretagama, Mpu Prapanca (1365 at the Majapahit court). A Majapahit court poem of 1365 listed here only for its retrospect. Read online
Sources and studies
- Wikipedia (English): Bujang Valley
- Wikipedia (English): History of Kedah
- OMNIA board note (a lead only, checked against the sources above)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.