Hintata

Who he is

Name

The sons of Abu Hafs Umar Inti: Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid, Uthman, Ibrahim, Isma'il, Muhammad, Yahya, Isa, Musa, Yunus, Abd al-Haqq, Ahmad; and their cousin Abu Zayd ibn Yujan. Who presides on 1 January 1200 is not pinned.

Title

Shaykhs of the Hintata (amghar of the tribe); first family of the Almohad aristocracy

Since

Abu Hafs Umar (Faska u-Mzal), companion of the Mahdi, led the tribe from the 1120s; he died in the 1170s (the usual date is 1176)

Born

Not pinned

Family

Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs will govern Ifriqiya from 603 (1207) to his death in Muharram 618 (1221); his son Abu Zakariyya Yahya founds the Hafsid dynasty at Tunis (1229). Uthman ibn Abi Hafs later governs Jaen and Valencia.

Confidence

medium

al-Marrakushi (Fagnan p. 314) lists the sons of Abu Hafs; en.wikipedia (Hintata) for the early shaykhs (Wanudin ibn Yansilt, Abu Hafs Umar) and the tribe's place in the army.

Overlord

The caliph Muhammad al-Nasir

What it holds

• The High Atlas valleys south of Marrakesh (the Ghighaya and the massif round Toubkal)
• Seats at court and commands in the army
• Lands and offices granted to the sons of Abu Hafs

How it was acquired

Joined the Mahdi about 1123; their mountains are their own.

Allies and rivals

The Tinmallal, Hazmira and the other founding tribes; rivals of the sayyids for the vizierate and the great commands.

How things stand that morning

The family is at the height of its standing; the tribe is quiet and loyal.

Wealth

Mountain farming, flocks, and the pay and grants of the state.

Military

The Hintata corps of the Almohad army (at Santarem in 1184 and at Alarcos in 1195).

What the year holds

What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.

1. 1205-1207Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs commands the army that beats Yahya ibn Ghaniya (Tajra, October 1205) and is left in Ifriqiya as governor (603/1207).Depends on: The caliph's eastern campaign. Stopped by: Peace with the Banu Ghaniya.

Places of note

• Asni: Heart of the Hintata mountains (later Jabal Hintata)

Where the sources disagree

• Abu Hafs Umar's death: 1176 in the usual account; en.wikipedia (Hintata) says he served Abd al-Mu'min's line 'until his death in 1181'.

Evidence: The family is well known from al-Marrakushi; the tribal ground is placed from the later Jabal Hintata and the geography of the Atlas, not from a source of 1200.

On the map: Approximate tribal ground; the Hintata of 1200 held villages and pastures, not a bounded territory.

Primary sources for Almohads

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• History of the Two Dynasties, the Almohad and the Hafsid, al-Zarkashi (Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Lu'lu'i al-Zarkashi) (about 1490 to 1495, at Tunis). A short Hafsid-era chronicle whose Almohad opening gives, in a few lines a reign, the succession of al-Mansur and al-Nasir, the Banu Ghaniya's seizure of Ifriqiya and its recovery, and the sending of Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs to Tunis, which the Hafsids counted as the start of their house. Read online
• The Complete History: the passages on the Maghreb and al-Andalus, Ibn al-Athir (about 1220 to 1231, at Mosul). The year entries for 595 to 597 of the Hijra (late 1198 to 1201) record the death of Yaqub al-Mansur, the accession of al-Nasir and the opening of Yahya ibn Ghaniya's war in Ifriqiya; the following years follow Yahya and the Ghuzz captain Qaraqush through Tripoli, Gabès and Mahdia to al-Nasir's reconquest in 1206, with the best eastern account of Qaraqush's career. Read online
• The Garden of Pages: a History of the Kings of the Maghreb and of the City of Fez, Ibn Abi Zar al-Fasi (completed in 1326 at Fez, for the Marinid sultan Abu Said Uthman). The Almohad chapters give a brisk dated narrative of al-Mansur's death and burial, al-Nasir's accession and the Banu Ghaniya troubles, with the kind of detail (coinage, public works at Fez and Rabat, prices, plagues) that a Fez compiler cared about, and the annals of Fez supply the city's governors and markets. Read online
• The Wondrous Account of the History of al-Andalus and the Maghreb, Ibn Idhari al-Marrakushi (about 1312, at Marrakesh). The Almohad section is the fullest year-by-year narrative of the caliphate around 1200: the last campaigns and the death of Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur in January 1199, the accession of his son Muhammad al-Nasir, the renewed war of the Banu Ghaniya in Ifriqiya under Yahya ibn Ishaq and his ally Qaraqush, the Almohad losses of Mahdia and Tunis a few years later, and al-Nasir's reconquest of Ifriqiya in 1205 to 1206 followed by the appointment of Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs as governor. Read online
• Historical Monuments of Portugal: Writers (Annals of King Afonso, Chronicon Conimbricense, Chronica Gothorum and others) (12th to 15th centuries). The Portuguese annals in one volume. Read online
• Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile, Anonymous, probably Juan of Osma, chancellor of Castile (about 1223 to 1239). The chancellor's chronicle of Alfonso VIII's reign, detailed from the 1190s. Read online
• The Complete History, Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir (about 1200 to 1231, at Mosul). The widest Muslim narrative for the years 596 to 597 AH (1199 to 1201): al-Adil's entry into Cairo and his taking of the sultanate from his nephew al-Mansur Muhammad early in 1200, the quarrels of the Ayyubid princes at Damascus, Aleppo and Hama, the Nile failure and the great famine of Egypt, Mosul under Nur al-Din Arslan Shah and the Jazira under Gokbori and the Artuqids, Baghdad under the caliph al-Nasir, the Khwarazmshah Tekish's death in 1200 and Muhammad's accession, the Ghurid wars in Khurasan, the Eldiguzids and Georgia, the Almohads in the west, and the Seljuks of Rum in passing. Read online
• Memoirs of the Mahdi Ibn Tumart and the Beginnings of the Almohad State, Abu Bakr ibn Ali al-Sanhaji, called al-Baydhaq (about 1150 to 1165). Nothing for the year itself: al-Baydhaq's memoir ends in Abd al-Mu'min's early reign.

17 more in the sources library for The Maghreb and the Sahara.