Qipchaq clans range the Emba river, the sands and salt flats north of the Caspian between the Emba and the Ustyurt, and the northern Ustyurt plateau above the Aral's western cliffs.
The caravan road from Khwarazm to Saqsin on the Volga crosses their country by the Ustyurt wells. West of the Emba the same people are counted with the Cumans of the lower Volga on the Rus' map.
Who holds it
- Title
- no chief named for 1200
- Since
- not applicable
- Born
- not applicable
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
No source checked names a chief for 1199-1200.
How things stand that morning
Independent; no chief known for 1200. West of the Emba lies the Cuman ground of the Rus' map (cumans).
Wealth
Herds; tolls and services on the Khwarazm-Volga caravan road.
Military
Mounted archers in clan war-bands; no numbers.
Customs
Clan khans; winter on the Caspian shore and the lower Emba, summer north toward the Mugodzhar hills.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: A reconstruction; nothing dated for 1200.
On the map: A reconstructed range, not a border.
Primary sources for Kangli and Qipchaq
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The History of the World Conqueror, Ata-Malik Juvayni (1252 to 1260). Written for the Mongols but with a long retrospective on the powers they destroyed. Read online
- The Life of Sultan Jalal al-Din Mankubirti, Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi (about 1241, at Aleppo). A Khwarazmian secretary's life of the last Khwarazmshah. Read online
Sources and studies
- Wikipedia: Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)
- Encyclopaedia Iranica: Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anushtigin (C. E. Bosworth)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.