Port · Panai, the brick-temple plain of Padang Lawas · as at first light, 1 January 1200

Panai: the Barumun mouth on the strait

The outlet of the Padang Lawas country into the strait.

Pannai is named in the Tanjore list of places struck in 1025 and keeps appearing in later lists, so the polity is old and real. Its harbour has never been found; this point stands on the estuary, not on a site.

Who holds it

Title
Lord or headman of Panai: the Barumun mouth on the strait
Since
not known
Born
not known
Family
not known
Confidence
low

Lord in 1200

not known: no source names a lord, governor or headman for 1 January 1200

How things stand that morning

No lord, governor or garrison is named by any source for 1 January 1200. Treat as a landing or settlement on the route whose overlord, if any, is not known.

Where the sources disagree

Evidence: Thin: from the campaign board's inference, archaeology and later sources; nothing dated 1 January 1200 names it.

"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.

Sources and studies

  1. Tanjore (Thanjavur) inscription of Rajendra Chola, 1030/31, as reported in the brief and the English Wikipedia article on the Chola invasion
  2. Wikipedia (English): Aru Kingdom

Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.