The capital of the Arab governors and the Habbarid emirs of Sindh from the eighth to the eleventh century, beside the older Hindu city of Brahmanabad.
Mahmud of Ghazna took it in 1025; after that it declined, and by 1200 it is a reduced place whose exact state is not pinned (the river was moving away from it).
Who holds it
- Name
- The Sumra chief (not pinned)
- Title
- Town of lower Sindh
- Since
- not pinned
- Confidence
- low
Lord in 1200
Not pinned; drawn as Sumra.
How things stand that morning
In decline; Sumra ground.
Communities
Muslims, Hindus.
Walls and castle
Old walls (state in 1200 not pinned).
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: No source describes it in 1200.
Primary sources for Sindh (Sumras)
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Nasirid Generations: a General History of the Muslim Dynasties, Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (1259 to 1260, at Delhi). The Ghurid court's own history, by a man born in 1193 whose family served the sultans of Ghur and Ghazna. Read online
- The Nasirean Generations (a general history of the Muslim dynasties), Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (completed 1260 at Delhi). The fullest narrative of the Ghurid conquest of northern India. Read online
- The Book of Roger (the Pleasure of Him who Longs to Cross the Horizons), Muhammad al-Idrisi (completed 1154 at Palermo). The nearest Arabic geography in time to 1200 for the Indian Ocean. Read online
- The History of India as Told by its Own Historians: the Muhammadan Period, vol. 2, Various (Ibn al-Athir, Hasan Nizami, Awfi, Juzjani and others), edited by H. M. Elliot and John Dowson (the sources date from the 1190s to the 14th century; the collection was published in 1869). A one-volume anthology of the Arabic and Persian accounts of the Ghurid conquest. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.