Town · Grahi at Chaiya · as at first light, 1 January 1200

Lang Suan

A second and easier way over the isthmus, up the Lang Suan river and across to the Kraburi side.

It is longer than the Kra crossing and is used when the Kra track is flooded. We draw it in Grahi's claimed ground; whether Grahi held it, or the Kra crossing's carriers did, is not recorded.

Who holds it

Title
Lord or headman of Lang Suan
Since
not known
Born
not known
Family
not known
Confidence
low

Lord in 1200

not known: no source names a lord, governor or headman for 1 January 1200

How things stand that morning

A river road; no lord or toll-keeper is named.

Where the sources disagree

Evidence: Thin: from the campaign board's inference, archaeology and later sources; nothing dated 1 January 1200 names it.

"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.

Primary sources for Grahi

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

  • The Grahi (Chaiya) Buddha inscription and the Tambralinga records, Various (the officers of Grahi and the kings of Tambralinga), edited by George Coedes (the Chaiya bronze Buddha inscription 1183; the Nakhon Si Thammarat records 13th century; edited 1929, revised 1961). The peninsula in 1200 has one near-contemporary dated text: the Old Khmer inscription on the base of a bronze Buddha from Wat Hua Wiang at Chaiya, dated 1183, which records the image's casting by order of the mahasenapati Galanai, governor of Grahi, under the king Srimat Trailokyaraja Maulibhusanavarmadeva, a name that is argued to be either a Malayu (Srivijaya) overlord or a local king.
  • The Inscriptions of Cambodia, Various (the Khmer kings and their officers), edited by George Coedes (inscriptions of the 6th to 14th centuries; edited 1937 to 1966). The Khmer empire of 1200 is known almost entirely from the great foundation stelae of Jayavarman VII (reigning from 1181), which Coedes edited: the Ta Prohm stele of 1186 (K. Read online
  • A Description of the Foreign Peoples (Records of Foreign Nations), Zhao Rukuo (Zhao Rugua) (1225 at Quanzhou). The best single text for the island world around 1200, written by the superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou from merchants' reports a generation after the date. Read online

Sources and studies

  1. OMNIA board note (a lead only, checked against the sources above)

Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.