The chief of the Sumra clan, lords of lower Sindh since the eleventh century, with Ismaili sympathies.
Mu'izz al-Din's march to Daybul in 1182 made the Sumras tributaries in name; in 1200 they very probably still govern the delta and the lower Indus themselves. The name, seat and standing of the chief that winter are not pinned.
Who he is
- Name
- Not pinned (late Sindhi lists name Bhungar II, 1195-1226; unreliable)
- Title
- Chief of the Sumras
- Since
- not pinned
- Born
- not pinned
- Family
- Sumra (Soomro)
- Confidence
- low
Wikipedia 'Soomra dynasty' and its table from late traditions. No contemporary source names the Sumra chief of 1200.
Overlord
The Ghurid sultan Mu'izz al-Din, by claim since 1182.
What it holds
- The Indus delta and lower Sindh
- Daybul's ground and Mansura's (low confidence)
- Sehwan (Siwistan), drawn as Sumra ground with low confidence
How it was acquired
Clan succession.
Allies and rivals
The Ghurid governors of Uch and Multan upstream; the Samma clan later.
How things stand that morning
Lower Sindh drawn as Sumra; upper Sindh with Bhakkar as Ghurid.
Wealth
The Indus floodplain, the delta, the port of Daybul.
Military
Clan levies. No numbers.
Threats
- Ghurid governors upstream.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Late and contradictory lists only.
On the map: A reasoned extent.
Primary sources for Sindh (Sumras)
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Nasirid Generations: a General History of the Muslim Dynasties, Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (1259 to 1260, at Delhi). The Ghurid court's own history, by a man born in 1193 whose family served the sultans of Ghur and Ghazna. Read online
- The Nasirean Generations (a general history of the Muslim dynasties), Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani (completed 1260 at Delhi). The fullest narrative of the Ghurid conquest of northern India. Read online
- The Book of Roger (the Pleasure of Him who Longs to Cross the Horizons), Muhammad al-Idrisi (completed 1154 at Palermo). The nearest Arabic geography in time to 1200 for the Indian Ocean. Read online
- The History of India as Told by its Own Historians: the Muhammadan Period, vol. 2, Various (Ibn al-Athir, Hasan Nizami, Awfi, Juzjani and others), edited by H. M. Elliot and John Dowson (the sources date from the 1190s to the 14th century; the collection was published in 1869). A one-volume anthology of the Arabic and Persian accounts of the Ghurid conquest. Read online
Sources and studies
- Wikipedia, 'Soomra dynasty'
- Minhaj al-Din Juzjani, Tabaqat-i Nasiri, tr. H. G. Raverty, vol. 1 (searched on archive.org)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.