Volcanic soil, terraced rice and iron smelting in the high country round Mount Singgalang and Mount Marapi.
The iron matters: the highlands make their own tools and weapons and do not depend on the coast for them.
Who he is
- Title
- Heads of the clans of Agam
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
No source names the holder for any date near 1 January 1200.
Overlord
None named.
What it holds
- The rice of the luhak, its iron smelting and its gold washing
- The right of the clan heads (penghulu in later usage) to meet and decide
How things stand that morning
Not recorded. No Minangkabau state in 1200: village federations under clan heads, feeding themselves and digging gold.
Wealth
Gold washed in the streams in the dry season by many village households, rice, iron.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Thin: village federations and the adat law are known from later writing; the Tambo Minangkabau is legend. The first outside documents are of 1286 (Dharmasraya) and 1347 (Adityawarman).
On the map: Core only.
Sources and studies
- OMNIA board note (a lead only, checked against the sources above)
- Wikipedia (English): Melayu Kingdom
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.