al-Kamil

Who he is

Name

al-Malik al-Kamil Nasir al-Din Abu'l-Ma'ali Muhammad ibn al-Adil

Title

malik, viceroy (na'ib) of the Jazira for his father

Since

587 AH (1191), when Saladin gave al-Adil the Jazira lands

Born

Cairo, 25 Rabi' I 576 (19 August 1180); a tradition gives 573 (1177)

Family

Ayyubid: eldest son of al-Adil

Confidence

high

TDV 'el-Melikul-Kamil'; Wikipedia 'Al-Kamil' citing Humphreys pp. 112-115 and Ibn al-Athir tr. Richards p. 46.

Overlord

His father al-Adil (Damascus).

What it holds

• Harran (seat; citadel)
• Edessa (al-Ruha)
• Saruj
• Raqqa
• Qal'at Ja'bar
• Samosata
• Ras al-Ayn
• overall charge of Mayyafariqin (where al-Awhad is by 1200)

How it was acquired

Given charge of the Jazira in 587 (1191) when his father received Taqi al-Din's lands from Saladin.

Allies and rivals

His father and brothers; enemies: Nur al-Din of Mosul, Qutb al-Din of Sinjar, Sanjar Shah, Yuluq Arslan of Mardin; al-Afdal and al-Zahir.

How things stand that morning

At Damascus with the field army in December 1199; on 1 January in Syria or on the road back east (not pinned). The Jazira towns hold for him behind their walls.

Wealth

The revenues of Diyar Mudar (grain, cotton, the Euphrates crossings and the Mosul-Aleppo caravan tolls).

Military

The troops of the East: his father's mamluks and the iqta'-holding amirs of the Jazira. Beaten below Mardin (August 1199); decisive at Damascus (December 1199).

Threats

• a Zengid stroke at Harran or Ras al-Ayn while he is away
• defeat in Egypt

What the year holds

What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.

1. 1200 (month not pinned)Made his father's viceroy in Egypt; leaves the Jazira to his brothers.Depends on: al-Adil's conquest of Egypt (January-February 1200) Stopped by: failure in Egypt

Where the sources disagree

Evidence: Career attested in Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Wasil through Humphreys and TDV; his deputies are not named.

On the map: Town districts only; the steppe between them is Bedouin grazing.

Primary sources for Ayyubid Jazira

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• The Book of the Two Gardens, on the Reigns of Nur al-Din and Saladin, and its Sequel, Abu Shama (Shihab al-Din Abd al-Rahman al-Maqdisi) (about 1240 to 1267, at Damascus). The Rawdatayn ends with Saladin's death in 1193 and matters for 1200 as the store of Imad al-Din al-Isfahani's lost al-Barq al-Shami and of al-Qadi al-Fadil's letters, quoted at length, which describe the Ayyubid princes, the Jazira and the frontier a few years earlier. Read online
• The Complete History, Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir (about 1200 to 1231, at Mosul). The widest Muslim narrative for the years 596 to 597 AH (1199 to 1201): al-Adil's entry into Cairo and his taking of the sultanate from his nephew al-Mansur Muhammad early in 1200, the quarrels of the Ayyubid princes at Damascus, Aleppo and Hama, the Nile failure and the great famine of Egypt, Mosul under Nur al-Din Arslan Shah and the Jazira under Gokbori and the Artuqids, Baghdad under the caliph al-Nasir, the Khwarazmshah Tekish's death in 1200 and Muhammad's accession, the Ghurid wars in Khurasan, the Eldiguzids and Georgia, the Almohads in the west, and the Seljuks of Rum in passing. Read online
• The Dispeller of Anxieties, on the History of the Ayyubids, Jamal al-Din Ibn Wasil (about 1272 to 1285, at Hama). The fullest Ayyubid dynastic history, written at Hama with access to the family's own tradition and to Ibn al-Athir, Ibn Abi Tayy and Sibt ibn al-Jawzi. Read online
• The Mirror of Time, on the History of Notables, Sibt ibn al-Jawzi (Shams al-Din Yusuf) (about 1240 to 1256, at Damascus). A Damascene preacher's year-by-year chronicle with obituaries, written by a grandson of the Baghdad scholar Ibn al-Jawzi, so it carries both the Baghdad view (the caliph al-Nasir and his court) and the Damascus view (al-Adil's court, the famine refugees of 1200, prices, the plague of 1201). Read online
• The Anonymous Syriac Chronicle to 1234, Anonymous (a Syrian Orthodox writer, probably of Edessa) (about 1234 to 1240). An Edessene chronicle independent of Michael the Syrian in its later part, with a secular section reaching 1234 that gives the Jazira, Edessa, Harran, Mardin and Melitene about 1200 under al-Adil's sons and the Artuqids, the Seljuks of Rum, the Armenians of Cilicia and the Franks of Antioch, and a church section to 1207 on the Jacobite succession after Michael's death in 1199. Read online
• The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian (Michael the Great), Michael the Syrian, patriarch of Antioch 1166 to 1199 (about 1180 to 1195). The Jacobite patriarch's world chronicle, in parallel columns of church, secular and miscellaneous events, ending four years before 1200 and shortly before his own death on 7 November 1199, which left the Syrian Orthodox church with a disputed succession in 1200. Read online
• The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus, Gregory Bar Hebraeus (Abu'l-Faraj) (about 1275 to 1286). A later compilation that for 1200 relies on Michael the Syrian and Ibn al-Athir, but adds the Jacobite church's own memory of the Jazira, Mosul, Melitene and the Artuqid and Zangid courts, and carries Michael's story past 1195: the Seljuk brothers' war in Rum, the Khwarazmian and Ghurid wars in the east, Mosul under Nur al-Din Arslan Shah, and the caliph al-Nasir. Read online
• The Eloquent Exposition of the Conquest of Jerusalem, Imad al-Din al-Isfahani (al-Katib) (about 1192 to 1193). Saladin's secretary's ornate account of the conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade, ending with Saladin's death in 1193. Read online

2 more in the sources library for The Latin East and the Ayyubids.