Ruler of Tumbatu

Who he is

Title

Ruler of the town of Tumbatu (title not recorded; later Swahili rulers were styled sultan, shaykh or mfalme)

Since

Not pinned

Born

Not known

Family

Not known

Confidence

low

Yaqut (writing in the 1220s) says that Lanjuya (Unguja, the island of Zanzibar) was a great island of the Zanj with the seat of the king of the Zanj, visited by ships from every quarter, and that its people had moved to another island, Tanbatu (Tumbatu), whose people are Muslims. Archaeology dates the main town at Tumbatu (Makutani, by Jongowe) to about 1100-1300, among the largest on the coast in 1150-1250.

Overlord

None known. Kilwa's chronicle has Pemba and Zanzibar taken by Sulaiman al-Hasan, which on the archaeologists' dating is later.

What it holds

• Tumbatu island and its town (see Tumbatu)
• Influence over the north of Unguja across the channel (not pinned)

How it was acquired

Not known. The move from Unguja to Tumbatu that Yaqut reports may reflect the decline of the old port of Unguja Ukuu after the tenth century.

Allies and rivals

The shaykhs of Kizimkazi in the south of Unguja; the towns of Pemba; Kilwa, whose later Mahdali line was linked by some modern writers with Tumbatu (not established).

How things stand that morning

Rules Tumbatu; any claim over Unguja is not pinned.

Wealth

Overseas trade; fishing; the island's reefs. Coins are said to have been struck at Tumbatu as well as on Unguja, Pemba and at Manda (African History Extra, summarising the numismatic work); none is dated to this reign.

Military

No figures. An island town defended by its channel.

Threats

• Rivals on Unguja and Pemba
• Kilwa's later expansion

What the year holds

What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.

1. Through 1200No dated event is known.

Where the sources disagree

• Yaqut's wording is given as it is usually quoted from Freeman-Grenville's translation; we could not check it against the text in this research (the archive.org copy is restricted).
• Yaqut's 'king of the Zanj' is a geographer's phrase; al-Idrisi (1154) places the king of the Zanj at Mombasa (on the neighbouring researcher's ground). Both may be right for their own informants.

Evidence: One geographer's entry written after 1200, and archaeology.

On the map: Only the island is drawn.

Primary sources for Swahili towns

Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.

• The Kilwa Chronicle (Arabic version about 1520 to 1530; Portuguese summary printed by João de Barros in 1552). The only narrative for the Swahili coast before the Portuguese, in two versions that agree on the dynasty and disagree on much else: the arrival of Ali ibn al-Hasan from Shiraz, his purchase of the island, and the line of his descendants, with reign lengths that put Sulayman ibn al-Hasan, Dawud ibn Sulayman, Talut and Husayn ibn Sulayman in the decades around 1200 (Bosworth's conversion gives Husayn about 1191 to 1215), the winning of Sofala's gold trade, and later the Mahdali dynasty of Abu'l-Mawahib. Read online
• The coins of Kilwa and the early Swahili inscriptions (coins struck from about the eleventh century; dated inscriptions from 1107). The only contemporary writing from the coast around 1200.
• Records of Foreign Peoples: the entries on the African coast and Egypt, Zhao Rugua (1225, at Quanzhou). A Song customs inspector's handbook, written from merchants' reports, that reaches the African coast within a generation of 1200: Bipaluo (Berbera) with its ostriches and giraffes, Zhongli (the Somali coast), Cengba (Zanzibar and the Zanj coast) with its ivory and ambergris and its trade with the Arabs, Kunlun Cengqi (perhaps Madagascar or Pemba), and Wusili (Egypt) with Alexandria's lighthouse. Read online
• The Travels of Ibn Battuta: Egypt, the Horn, the Swahili coast and Mali, Ibn Battuta (dictated to Ibn Juzayy) (1355, at Fez). A century and a half late, but the first eyewitness of places that in 1200 are known only from hearsay: Zeila and its stench, Mogadishu with its sultan, qadi and merchant hosts, Mombasa, and Kilwa under the Mahdali sultan Abu'l-Muzaffar al-Hasan, raiding the Zanj of the mainland; and the Sahara road from Sijilmasa through Taghaza and Walata to the court of Mali under Mansa Sulayman, then Timbuktu, Gao and Takedda among the veiled Berbers. Read online
• Description of the Foreign Peoples (Chau Ju-kua), Zhao Rukuo (趙汝适) (about 1225, while superintendent of maritime trade at Quanzhou). The Song customs officer's survey of the overseas world, compiled from merchants and from Zhou Qufei, a generation after 1200 but describing trade routes that were the same in 1200. Read online
• Dictionary of Countries: the entries on Africa, Yaqut al-Hamawi (1224 to 1228, at Mosul and Aleppo). Entries written within a generation of 1200 from earlier books and from informants: Maqdishu (Mogadishu), described as a town of the Barbar (Somali) on the edge of the Zanj country with no single ruler but elders for each group, the earliest notice of the town; Manbasa (Mombasa), Lanjuya (Zanzibar) and the Zanj coast; Zayla, Barbara and the Dahlak islands; Dunqula (Dongola) and the Nubians; the Beja; Kanem, Zaghawa, Ghana, Kawkaw and the Sudan, mostly from al-Bakri and al-Idrisi; and the towns of Ifriqiya and the Maghreb. Read online
• The Book of Geography, Ibn Said al-Maghribi (Ali ibn Musa ibn Said) (about 1250 to 1275). Written two generations after 1200 but drawing on the travels of Ibn Fatima, a merchant who had been in the Sudan, Ibn Said gives the first clear picture of Kanem as an empire: the mai Dunama Dibalemi (reigned about 1210 to 1248), his capital Njimi, his Muslim subjects and his reach to the Fezzan, Tajuwa and the Zaghawa, with the Sao and other peoples on his borders. Read online
• The History of the Observant Traveller: the pages on Zeila, Berbera, Mogadishu and Dahlak, Ibn al-Mujawir (Yusuf ibn Yaqub ibn al-Mujawir) (about 1221 to 1230). The closest description of the Horn's ports to 1200, written about twenty-five years later by a trader and official who worked the Aden trade: Zeila and its traffic in slaves, ivory and the goods of the Ethiopian interior; the Barbar (Somali) coast with Berbera and Mogadishu, and the sea route from Aden to Mogadishu and on to Kilwa with its sailing seasons; the Dahlak islands with their own sultan and his dues; Socotra; and the customs and prices of Aden under the Ayyubids of Yemen. Read online

2 more in the sources library for The Swahili Coast and the Gold Country.