West of the Ma plain the hill forests give cinnamon bark, a court monopoly good and a tribute item from the Muong (board).
The Muong of the Ma valleys hold their own bowls and send tribute down to Thanh Hoa when asked. Nothing names a lord.
Who he is
- Title
- Hereditary Muong lords
- Confidence
- low
The campaign board entry notes; Vietnamese tribute notices
What it holds
- Cinnamon forests, rice bowls
- The tracks into Lao country
Threats
- Feud
Places of note
- Ngoc Lac: Cinnamon country
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: The campaign board entry notes only.
"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.
Primary sources for Tai and Muong of the north-west
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Complete Annals of Dai Viet, Ngo Si Lien, drawing on Le Van Huu's Dai Viet su ky (1272) and Phan Phu Tien; continued by Pham Cong Tru and Le Hi (1479; printed 1697 in the standard Chinh Hoa edition). The main narrative source for Dai Viet in 1200, compiled in 1479 from Le Van Huu's lost history of 1272. Read online
- The Unofficial History of Nanzhao, Yang Shen; revised by Hu Wei (16th century, revised 1775, from Dali and Yunnan traditions and lost local histories). The kingdom of Dali has no surviving text of 1200: its own records were destroyed in the Mongol conquest and after, and the Song shi's Dali entry ends in 1175. Read online
Sources and studies
- OMNIA board notes for the Vietnam and Champa area (a lead, not a source)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.