The coastal plain from the Subarnarekha ford to the Chilika: Balasore and Bhadrak, Jajpur and the Vaitarani, Kendrapara, Cuttack on the Mahanadi, Bhubaneswar and Puri.
Rice, salt, temples and the Mahanadi mouth. Chodaganga took Utkala in 1112 (English Wikipedia); the Gangas have held it for nearly a century.
Who holds it
- Name
- not named
- Title
- Ganga governors (Mahamandalika) under Rajaraja III
- Since
- not known
- Born
- not known
- Family
- not known
- Confidence
- low
English Wikipedia, Eastern Ganga dynasty.
Overlord
Rajaraja III.
What it holds
- Cuttack, Puri, Bhubaneswar, Jajpur
How things stand that morning
Held by the Gangas; quiet.
Wealth
Rice, salt, temple offerings.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Dynastic pages and the campaign board.
"The campaign board" is OMNIA's working map. These notes record where its earlier claims were checked against the sources.
On the map: A rough outline from rivers and ridges; the real order was villages, estates and chiefs.
Primary sources for Eastern Gangas
Chronicles, registers, sagas and inscriptions written in or near 1200 that cover this entry. Each has its own page with editions, translations and where to read it.
- The Lesser Chronicle (the continuation of the Mahavamsa), Dhammakitti and later monks of the Mahavihara tradition (the first continuation about the 13th century (chapters 37 to 79), carried on in stages to the 18th century). The only narrative source for Lanka in 1200. Read online
- Inscriptions of Bengal, vol. 3, Various (the Sena kings' chanceries), edited by N. G. Majumdar (copper plates of the 10th to early 13th centuries; edited 1929). The one-volume edition of the Sena copper plates, the main documentary evidence for Bengal around 1200. Read online
- Epigraphia Indica: inscriptions of the Chandelas, Paramaras, Gahadavalas, Chaulukyas, Senas and Eastern Gangas, Various (edited for the Archaeological Survey of India by J. Burgess, E. Hultzsch, F. Kielhorn, Sten Konow, F. W. Thomas and successors) (inscriptions of the 1180s to 1210s; the series ran from 1892). The main record series for the Hindu kingdoms of northern India around 1200. Read online
- Epigraphia Zeylanica: lithic and other inscriptions of Ceylon, Various (the Polonnaruwa kings' chanceries), edited by D. M. de Zilva Wickremasinghe, H. W. Codrington and S. Paranavitana (inscriptions of the 3rd century BC to the 18th century; the series ran from 1904). Prints with translation the stone records of the Polonnaruwa kings who held or lost the throne around 1200. Read online
- The Song of Govinda, Jayadeva (late 12th century, by tradition at the court of Lakshmanasena of Bengal). A literary witness, not a chronicle. Read online
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.