Farmers and ironworkers of the ironstone plateau and the wooded country of the western Bahr el Ghazal and Western Equatoria, speaking Central Sudanic languages (the Bongo, Baka, Kresh, Moru and Madi groups) and Ubangian ones (the Ndogo and their kin).
The Azande state is much later (eighteenth century). Nothing is written about them before the nineteenth century; they are placed by their later homelands and language history.
Who holds it
- Title
- Elders and chiefs
- Since
- Not pinned
- Confidence
- low
How things stand that morning
Self-governing villages; no overlord.
Customs
Village and clan chiefs; shifting cultivation, hunting and iron-smelting.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Linguistic evidence only.
On the map: The south-western edge follows roughly the Nile-Congo watershed; beyond it is outside this sheet.
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.