The Luangwa valley and the plateau between it and Malawi.
Farmers of the Luangwa tradition from about the eleventh century, forebears of the Nsenga, Chewa and Kunda, hunting the elephant of the valley and working iron.
Who holds it
- Name
- Not known: no leader is named for this date
- Title
- Heads of lineages, villages and clans
- Since
- Not pinned
- Confidence
- low
How things stand that morning
Independent. South of about 14.8 degrees the Zambezi valley is the neighbouring researcher's ground.
Assemblies
Village and lineage elders settle disputes and allocate land; there is no chief over the whole people that the evidence can show for 1200.
What the year holds
What happened next, if nothing in play changes it. Each event carries what it depends on and what would stop it.
- Through 1200No dated event is known.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Pottery sequence (Phillipson) only.
On the map: Drawn from modern language areas, physical geography and a few dated sites; the 1200 extent is a rough guess.
Sources and studies
- Phillipson, The Later Prehistory of Eastern and Southern Africa (1977), on the Luangwa tradition and the Later Iron Age (cited from memory of the literature)
- UNESCO General History of Africa, vol. 4, and Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 3, chapters on East Africa and the interior (cited from memory of the literature)
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.