Farmers and fishers of the lower Zambezi from the Luangwa confluence through the Cahora Bassa gorge and past Tete and Sena towards the head of the delta.
In later centuries Swahili markets stood at Sena and Tete and the Mutapa state reached the river (fifteenth-sixteenth century, later). For 1200 the archaeology is sparse and nothing is known of rulers or trade on the river.
Who holds it
- Title
- Local chiefs; no paramount known
- Since
- Not pinned
- Confidence
- low
Overlord
None that can be named
How things stand that morning
Independent communities; the delta and the coast north of it are covered by the zan researcher.
Where the sources disagree
- Swahili trade up the Zambezi to Sena and Tete is attested only later; do not place markets here for 1200.
Evidence: Almost no dated evidence for the twelfth century.
On the map: An outline drawn from the general distribution of the evidence; it is not a border.
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.