Farmers of the cool, well-watered mountains along today's Zimbabwe-Mozambique border and of the Manica highlands.
Early farmers of the Ziwa tradition lived here in the first millennium; the famous terraced and pit-structure landscape of Nyanga is much later. The Manica gold fields, important to the Portuguese, lie here; their working in 1200 is not pinned. The highlands stand between the plateau's gold and the Sofala coast, and the paths down the Pungwe, Buzi and Save cross them.
Who holds it
- Title
- Local chiefs; no paramount known
- Since
- Not pinned
- Confidence
- low
Overlord
None that can be named
How things stand that morning
Independent communities; nothing is known of their rulers.
Customs
Not known for 1200.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Archaeology only and thin for the twelfth century.
On the map: An outline drawn from the general distribution of the evidence; it is not a border.
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.