Between the Kano plain, Daura, Biram and the Kanembu and Sao country to the east, the plains of the later Gumel, Kazaure, Damagaram (Zinder) and Machina were farmed by Hausa and Kanuri-related villages under their own heads.
The later small Hausa kingdoms and the Bornu tribute system here are later.
Who holds it
- Title
- village heads
- Confidence
- low
Overlord
None recorded
How things stand that morning
Self-governing villages.
Customs
Village heads and lineage elders.
Where the sources disagree
Evidence: Inference from later history.
On the map: Rough outline.
Sources and studies
Last revised 4 November 2026. Published 4 November 2026. Suggest a correction on the OMNIA Discord.